Posts
- Category: A Brief History of Thermal Insulation
- Product description
- Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
- Compressed-Straw Panels Product description
- Contoured Foam Underlayment Product description
- Composite Product description
- Cellular Glass Product description
- Phenolic Foam Product description
- Mineral Fiber Product description
- Wood Fiber Product description
- Perlite Board Product description
- Fire resistance
- Limitations
- Environmental considerations
- Limitations
- R-value
- Product description
- Polyisocyanurate
- Polyurethane Product description
- Cold spots and streaking
- Installation and applications
- Fire resistance
- Environmental considerations
- Limitations
- Product description
- Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)
- Environmental considerations
- Limitations
- R-value
- Product description
- Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
- Rigid Board Insulation
- Installation precautions and limitations
- Environmental considerations
- R-value
- Product description
- Tripolymer Foam
- Phenolic Foam
- Water-Blown Polyurethane
- Fire resistance
- R-value
- Product description
- Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- R-value
- Product description
- Air Krete
- Standards
- Fire resistance
- Health considerations
- Limitations
- R-value
- Product description
- Icynene
- -Place Insulation
- Health considerations
- Limitations
- R-value
- Wet-Spray Rock Wool and Slag Wool
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- Fire resistance
- Limitations
- Product description
- Dimensionally Stable Fiberglass
- Fire resistance
- Limitations
- R-value
- Product description
- The Blow-ln-Blanket System (BIBS)
- Spray-on Fiberglass
- Installation precautions and limitations
- Vapor retarders
- Installation standards and practices
- Fire resistance
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- R-value
- Standards
- Product description
- Wet-Spray Cellulose
- Sprayed-in-Place Insulation
- Fire resistance
- Product description
- Cotton
- Plastic Fiber Insulation
- Installation standards and practices
- Availability
- Fire resistance
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- Installation standards and practices
- Fire resistance
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- Limitations
- Basements
- Floors and crawl spaces
- Attics and ceilings
- Sidewalls
- R-value
- Product description
- Fiberglass Batts and Rolls
- Blanket Insulation: Batts and Rolls
- Small-Market Products
- Product description
- Vermiculite
- Product description
- Perlite
- Installation standards and practices
- Fire resistance
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- Weight
- Limitations
- R-value
- Product description
- Mineral Wool
- Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
- Ventilation
- Minimize dust generation
- Fire resistance
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- Limitations
- R-value
- Product description
- Fiberglass
- Installation precautions and limitations
- Application procedures
- Coverage requirements
- Preparation
- Installation standards and practices
- Fire resistance
- Environmental considerations
- Health considerations
- Weight considerations
- Limitations
- R-value
- Product description
- Standards
- Cellulose Loose-Fill Insulation
- Health considerations
- Safety guidelines
- Fluffing
- Voids and gaps
- Moisture resistance
- Settling
- Convective heat loss
- Weight
- General Description
- Loose-Fill Insulation
- U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
- American Society for Testing and Materials
- Federal Trade Commission
- Home Energy Rating System Council Guidelines
- Miscellaneous Building Codes
- Model Energy Code compliance assistance
- International Energy Conservation Code
- The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
- Building Codes, Associated Standards, and Regulations
- Attics
- Ceilings
- Floors
- Walls
- Slab-on-grade foundations
- Basement Walls
- Foundations
- Locations
- Insulation Applications and Comparisons
- Installation
- Product description
- Air Barrier/Retarder
- Vapor retarder installation guidelines
- Vapor retarder locations in the home
- Placement within the wall, floor, or ceiling assembly
- Product types
- Perm ratings
- History of Vapor Retarders
- Moisture problems
- Dew point
- Relative humidity
- Water vapor/moisture migration
- Vapor Retarders
- Vapor and Air Retarders
- Whole-Wall System
- Density
- Thickness
- Temperature
- R-value
- U-value
- Heat Flow
- Radiation
- Conduction
- Convection
- Insulation Fundamentals and Principles
- ASHRAE Standard 55
- Humidity
- Thermoregulation
- Thermal Comfort
- A Brief History of Thermal Insulation
- Category: Adhesives: 4th Volume
- Joint Geometry
- Statistical Interpretation of Data Obtained on Specimen A
- How Much Additional Testing Should Occur After Initial Sampling?
- How to Take the Sample
- Where Should Sampling Occur?
- Field Use and Statistical Sampling
- Description of Controlled Calibrated Constant-Pressure Device
- Nondestructive Field Testing of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints—Questions and Answers
- Uniformity of Deterioration and Virtual Human Visual Evaluation
- Visual Color (Tonal) Change
- Overall Surface Texture Change
- Results and Discussion
- Image Capturing and Analysis
- Visual Rating of Weathered Sealant Samples
- Optical hnaging/lmage Analysis System
- Change of Color
- Definition and Description of Aesthetic Surface Changes
- Use of Optical Imaging/lmage Analysis System for the Quantitative Analysis of Surface Changes Induced by Outdoor Weathering on Sealants
- Example of accumulation damage level calculation in a sealed joint
- Evaluation of Sealed Joint Performance Using Miner’s Rule
- Process of Design Method Providing Optimal Sealed Joint Performance
- Fatigue Resistance at the Intersection of Sealed Joints
- Fatigue Resistance of Sealant at the Linear Section of Sealed Joints
- Fatigue Resistance of Sealed Joints to Relative Story Displacement
- Number of Cyclic Movements at Sealed Joints Relative to Story Displacement
- Performance Evaluation Factors
- Factors Considered in Joint Design Method
- Proposed Design and Method for Providing Sealed Joint Performance under Relative Story Displacement
- Conclusions and Future Activities
- Accelerated Exposure
- Exposure Conditions
- Sealants Tested
- Preliminary Outdoor Exposure Experiment
- Evaluation of Degradation for Tested Sealants
- Study of Weatherability of Construction Sealants with Novel Testing Method
- Develop a water absorption test suitable for both cold and hot liquid-applied materials standards. Bentonite
- Constructability
- General
- Conclusions
- Findings
- Procedures
- Testing Water Absorption in Cold Liquid-Applied Waterproofing: An Exploratory Study
- Findings
- Procedures
- Testing Initial Leakage Resistance of Bentonite Waterproofing: An Exploratory Study
- Durability—Resistance to Water Absorption
- Durability—Resistance to Damage from Substrate Cracking/Movement
- Constructability—Resistance to the Effects of Weather During Construction
- Constructability—Penetration Resistance and Toughness
- Impermeability—Water Vapor Resistance
- Impermeability—Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance
- Essential Requirements for Waterproofing
- Additional Types of Waterproofing Not Addressed in this Paper
- Single-Ply Waterproofing Membranes
- Hot Liquid-Applied Membrane
- Cold Liquid-Applied Membrane
- Types of Waterproofing Materials and Their Standards
- Application of Waterproofing in Building Construction
- Standards Development for Impermeable, Constructible, and Durable Waterproofing
- Future Work
- Summary
- Results and Discussion
- Test Method Description
- Test Method Intent
- Development of a Practical Method to Evaluate the Fatigue Properties of Structural Silicone Glazing Adhesives
- Discussion of Air Leakage Performance
- Discussion of Glass Performance at Various Drift Levels
- Discussion of General Response of Tested Mockups
- Experimental Program
- Seismic Performance of Two-Side Structural Silicone Glazing Systems
- Other Features
- Hydrophobic Contamination
- UV Resistance of Adhesion Interface on SCG
- Resistance to UV Exposure Through Float Glass
- A Possible New Application—A Sealant for Self-Cleaning Glass
- Adhesion Properties—A Comparison of Commercial Sealant Properties
- Surface Weatherability
- Mechanical Properties—A Comparison of Commercial Sealant Properties
- Advantages of Silyl-Terminated Polyacrylate (NTP) Sealant
- Basic Chemistry
- New Durable Sealant of Telechelic Polyacrylate
- Where is the Limit?
- Accelerated Weathering Tests and Their Correlation
- Weathering Requirements
- Conclusions
- Influence of the Catalyst
- Influence of Stabilizers
- Influence of the Plasticizer
- Influence of Titanium Dioxide
- Influence of the Binder
- Raw Material Influences on Weatherability
- Formulating High Weatherability Sealants: Possibilities and Challenges
- Discussions and Summary
- Reducing Tin and Aminosilane Concentration in Silicone Elastomeric Coating to Improve Its Durability
- Summary and Conclusions
- Results and Discussion
- FEA Calculations
- Characterization of Material Properties
- Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Evaluation
- Quantification of Differential Thermal Movement in Insulating Glass Edge Seals Using Finite Element Analysis
- Conclusions
- Discussion
- Procedure
- Reducing Modulus of Sealants to Improve Durability
- Closure
- Development of New Test Methods and Performance Based Specifications
- Overview
- Summary and Observations
- Special Case Studies
- Case Study of Interstory Drift on a Typical Building in Chile
- Structural and Seismic Review
- Limitations on Base Shear Stress
- Response Modification Factor
- Building Rigidity and Interstory Drift
- Energy Release and Earthquake Characteristics
- Mega-Earthquake
- Actual SSG System Performance Post-Quake
- Shear Strain Imposed into the Structural Silicone
- Resistance to Tear Propagation
- Relatively High Strain Rate Behavior of Structural Silicone Sealants
- Structural Silicone Considerations: Mechanical Properties
- SSG Design Considerations
- A Review of the Behavior of Structural Silicone Glazing Systems Subjected to a Mega-Earthquake
- Discussion of the AAMA Test Protocol and Test Results
- Discussion of Glazing System Design for Wind and Seismic Loads
- Discussion of the Finite-Element Modeling and Analysis
- Structural Sealant Glazing Testing and Results for Seismic Work
- Description of the Building and the Curtain-Wall System
- Background
- Evaluation of the Structural Sealant for Use in a Four-Sided Structural Sealant Glazing Curtain-Wall System for a Hospital Building
- Comparison of Racking Test versus FE Results
- Discussion of the Racking Test Results
- Field-emission Microscopy Modeling Overview
- Sealant Durability/Stress-Strain Graphs
- Mock-up Construction/Testing Configurations
- Research Program
- Background
- Seismic Racking Test Evaluation of Silicone Used in a Four-Sided Structural Sealant Glazed Curtain Wall System
- Design and Construction Considerations
- Moisture in the Roofing Assembly
- Summary of Hygrothermal Analyses Associated with Case Studies
- Case 3: EPDM Roofing Membrane Installation
- Case 2: CSPE Roofing Membrane Installation
- Case 1: TPO Roofing Membrane Installation
- Summary of Common Defects with Foamed Adhesive Application and Rigid Insulation Installation (as Previously Reported)
- Case Studies of Adhesive and Rigid Insulation Board Failures due to Moisture in Low Sloped Roofing Assemblies
- Recommendations
- Case Study No. 2: Hospital
- Case Studies No. 1: Office Building
- Adhesive Chemistry and Moisture in Concrete Floors
- Flooring Industry Changes
- Moisture Sensitive Adhesives and Flooring Adhesive Failures
- Characterization
- Materials
- A Test Method for Monitoring Modulus Changes during Durability Tests on Building Joint Sealants
- Summary and Outlook
- Proposed Approach for the Exploration of System Capability and Durability
- Characterization of Fatigue and Aging Effects
- Characterization of Other Technological Properties by DMA
- Results of Dynamic-Mechanical Material Analysis
- Approach Toward a Performance-Related Material Identification and Deduction of Mechanical Characteristics by DMA Methods
- Potential of Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis Toward a Complementary Material and System Testing Approach for Structural Glazing
- ALC Panel Joint Movement
- Discussion
- Test Results
- Test Specimen and Test Method
- Tensile Test and Shear Test
- Evaluation of Sealed Joint Performance for the Selection of Sealants Suitable for Use in Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete Panels
- Discussion
- Salt Spray
- Accelerated Weathering Test—Cohesion/Adhesion Properties After Exposure to Artificial Light Through Glass and Water
- Results
- Experiment
- SSG in Korea
- Weathering Evaluation of Structural Silicone Sealants Used in Korea
- Summary Conclusions for Successful Usage of ASTM C 1736
- Question 2: How Does Joint Geometry Impact Bond-Line Stress?
- Review of Some of the Questions Examined during Development of ASTM C 1736
- Case Study Illustrating the Benefits of ASTM C 1736
- Introduction to ASTM C 1736
- Early Use of Rolling Devices in Continuous Sealed Joint Inspection
- ASTM Standard Practice ASTM C 1521 and Its Limitations
- Rationale for Joint Seal Continuity Evaluation
- Development of a Non-Destructive Evaluation Practice of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints Using a Rolling Device—An Introduction to ASTM C 1736
- Determination of Acceleration Factor
- Quantification of Surface Degradation
- Weathering and Forced Movement Exposure
- Sealants
- Test Specimens
- Attempt at Quantification of Surface Degradation and Evaluation of Relationship between Outdoor and Accelerated Exposure of Construction Sealants
- Adhesion on Substrates Used in the Building Industry
- Adhesion on Low E Coated Glass
- Adhesion Durability
- Adhesion Buildup
- Ways of Improving the Interfacial Durability of Silicone Adhesives in Building Applications
- Results and Discussion
- Temperature and Pressure Influence in Blister Growth
- Closed-Form Solution for Viscoelastic Creep
- Relaxation Modulus Determination
- Power-Law Analytical Form of Interconversion
- Master Curve Representation
- Data Reduction
- Creep-Compliance Test
- Viscoelastic Material Characterization
- Test Development
- Finite-Element Model: Geometry and Loading
- Thick-Plate Theory
- Objectives
- Reasons for Blister Formation
- Elements of a Bridge-Deck System
- Mechanisms of Asphalt Blistering on Concrete Bridges
- Summary and Conclusions
- Stress Distributions in the Adhesive within the Corner Zone
- Structural Sealang Glazing Parameter Studies with a Focus on the Structural Sealant Bond
- Structural Sealant Glazing Parameter Studies with a Focus on Glass Components
- Numerical Finite Element Models for the SSG Parameter Study
- Simplified Treatment of Bond Loading: Case Study ETAG 002
- Simply Supported Rectangular Glass Units
- Glass Unit Corner Loading—Key Parameter in Durability
- Adhesive Imperfections and Fracture Behavior
- Cyclic Tensile Loading of Point Supports
- Incomplete Mixing Procedures
- Varying Mixing Ratios
- Nomenclature
- Mechanical Characteristics of Degraded Silicone Bonded Point Supports
- Results and Discussion
- Test Methods
- Materials
- Substrate Preparation and Treatment Methods
- Enhancement of Adhesion of Silicone Adhesives through Surface-Grafted Molecular Brushes
- Surface-Grafted Connector Molecules Chemically Bonded to an Adjacent Adhesive
- Improved Adhesion of Elastomeric Silicone Adhesives through Surface-Grafted Connector Molecules
- Elastomeric Silicone Adhesives
- The Mechanism of Adhesion Improvement of Elastomeric Silicone Sealants to Difficult-to-Bond Polymeric Substrates through Reactive or Interpenetrating Molecular Brushes
- Future Work
- Limitations
- Conclusions
- Results
- Determination of Small Unit Displacements
- Sources of Error and Modeling Inaccuracies
- Validation of Models
- Analysis of the Full-Scale Unit Model
- Full-Scale Unit Modeling
- ASTM E2188-10 Test Procedure: Expectations
- Argon-Testing Procedure
- Weathering Test Procedure
- Insulating-Glass Make-up
- Design of Test Apparatus
- Small-Unit Durability Testing
- Full-Scale Test Procedure
- Curtain-Wall Frame
- Full-Scale Testing
- Scope of Research
- Past Experience
- History and Reasons for Research
- Durability of Cold-Bent Insulating-Glass Units
- Interaction of Environmental Variables
- The Worst Factor for Modulus Decrease
- Effect of UV
- Effect of Cyclic Movement
- Effect of Temperature
- Block Plots
- ANOVA
- Dex Plots
- Data Analysis
- Stress Relaxation Behavior
- Results and Discussion
- Exposure Conditions and Characterization
- Materials and Specimen Preparation
- A Systematic Approach to the Study of Accelerated Weathering of Building Joint Sealants
- Numerical Simulation
- Results
- Specimen Preparation
- Experiments to Establish Adhesive Strength and Load-Bearing Capacity
- Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
- Tensile Tests on the Materials
- Adhesives
- Preliminary Study to Select Adhesive
- Glass Corridor for Law Courts
- Previous Work
- Bonded Glass Frames
- Outline of Testing and Evaluation Program Used in Selection of Adhesives for Transparent Adhesive Joints in All-Glass Load-Bearing Structures
- Outlook
- Bonded Photovoltaic System Facade
- Photovoltaic Modules Fixed with a Linear Adhesive Joint
- Glass in Solar Technology
- Hybrid Facade
- Glass in Building
- Torsion Test
- Determining the Parameters of Adhesives
- Specification
- Adhesives for Structural Applications
- Innovations Through Adhesives
- Structural Sealant Glazing
- State of the Art
- Connections for Glass Components
- Gluing—A Method of Jointing Ideal for Glass
- Adhesive Joints in Glass and Solar Engineering
- Calculation of Sealant Shear Stress and Rotation Caused by Torsion Momentum M
- Calculation of Sealant Tension Stress and Elongation Caused by Loads Q and F
- APPENDIX: STRUCTURAL CIRCULAR POINT CALCULATION
- Hyperelastic Modeling
- Stress Whitening and Dynamic Design Load
- Cantilever Pull-Off Test and Static Design Load
- Tensile and Shear Creep Rupture Tests and Static Design Load
- Preliminary Evaluation of the TSSA Film Adhesive With the Aim of Developing Static and Dynamic Design Stress Values
- Durability of Bonded Stainless Steel Button Point Fixing on Glass
- Mechanical Properties
- General Properties
- Properties of the High-Strength Structural Silicone Film Adhesive (TSSA)
- Preliminary Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive (TSSA) for Point Fixing in Glazing
- Results and Discussion
- Experiment
- In Situ Measurement of Compression Set in Building Sealants During Outdoor Aging
- Conclusions
- Results ofOutdoor Exposure Tests
- Results of Investigation
- Degradation of Sealed Joints Installed on Panels of an ALC-Clad Building
- Durability of Acrylic Sealants Applied to Joints of Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete Walls: Evaluation of Exposure Testing
- Summary and Future Prospects
- FE Modeling
- Modeling and Design
- Large-Scale Component Tests
- Small-Scale Component Tests
- Determination of Mechanical Values of the Adhesives
- Adhesive Selection
- Surfaces and Materials
- Requirements for the Adhesive Joint
- Systematic Approach and Design Procedure
- Characterization of Adhesive Joints for Hybrid Steel-Glass Beams by Means of Simplified Small Scale Tests
- Shear Strain Profiles
- Discussion and Analysis
- Tension Pull-out Tests
- Experimental Results
- Double-Lap Shear Test Specimens
- Test Specimens
- Epoxy Adhesives
- Ultra-High-Performance - Concrete (UHPC)
- Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)
- Bond Strength Between Cast-in-Place Ultra-High-Performance - Concrete and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plates Using Epoxy Bonded Coarse Silica Sand
- The Future of C1736 and the Industry
- Implications of the Use of This Practice
- Panel Discussion
- A Panel Discussion: ASTM Introduces C1736 Standard Practice for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Adhesion of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints Using a Rolling Device
- Closure
- Performance under Seismic Loads
- Field Experience with Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixing
- Development of New Test Methods and Performance-Based Specifications
- Factors Influencing the Durability of Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixing
- Overview of Papers
- Overview
- Choosing Wisdom over Intelligence
- Choosing Energy Effectiveness Rather than Efficiency
- Design Choices Involving Sealants and Adhesives in Building Construction and Their Impact on our Environmental Footprint
- 21st Century Potential for Positive Change - Contributions by Sealants and Adhesives
- Impact of Buildings on the Environment and the Way Forward
- Preface
- Category: Advances in. Engineering Structures,. Mechanics &. Construction
- Mechanical Characterization of HPC with Limestone Filler
- Main Structural Material Performances for New High-Rise Buildings
- COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY FOR HSC BEST PERFORMANCE IN. EXTENSIVE APPLICATIONS OF LANDMARK WORKS IN ITALY
- Air Samples
- Results and Discussion
- Testing Procedures
- Treatment
- The Building
- Antimicrobial Agent - Triclosan
- The Need for Added Protection
- Environmental Surfaces
- Evidence of Supplementary Protection
- Additional Factors
- Resistive Strain Organisms
- Nosocomial Infections
- ANTIMICROBIAL TREATED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND AIR FILTERS. REDUCE FACILITY BIOBURDEN AND IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN. A HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT
- Optimization for Bridge Network Maintenance Planning
- Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Process
- Dynamic Programming for Individual Bridge Maintenance Planning
- Bridge Maintenance Alternatives and Associated Cost
- Highly orthotropic slab
- Safety of the strip method
- Practical design example
- Arrivals and Departures
- Lower Bound Techniques - The Low Road
- Upper Bound Techniques - The High Road
- COLLAPSE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS: ARE THE UP AND DOWN ROADS ONE AND THE SAME?
- Energy Absorption of Rubber-Rolled Pin
- Load Mitigation Effect of Rubber-Rolled Pin
- Impact Loading Test of Rubber-Rolled Pin
- Application to New Bridge Restrainer System
- Weight Dropping Impact Test
- Rapid Speed Loading Test
- Static Compression Test
- Effect of Laminated Fiber Reinforced Rubber (LFRR) as Shock Absorber
- DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BRIDGE RESTRAINER USING LAMINATED FIBER REINFORCED RUBBER
- Behaviour of the T-Beam at Temperature Changes
- Static Carrying Behaviour of a T-Beam
- Investigation on the Adhesive
- Idea
- State of Research
- GLASS-PLASTIC HYBRID CONSTRUCTION
- Example Application
- GIS Support
- Distributed Scheduling Model
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- BETTER VISUALIZATION FOR MULTIPLE-SITE INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAMS USING GIS
- Comparison with other international Market
- Risk Responses Methods for the Most Critical Risks
- Analysis of Results
- Statistical analysis
- Questionnaire Administration
- Questionnaire Development
- Research Methodology
- Literature Review of Similar Studies
- Risk Management Process
- COUNTRIES
- An Example of Model Production
- Identifying Freeform Construction Applications
- Constructing from Digital Models
- Additive Processes
- Issues for the Construction Industry
- FREEFORM CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION RESEARCH
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Destructive Verification through Core Samples
- Ground Penetrating Radar Technology
- Evolution of In-Pipe Ground Penetrating Radar
- Inspection Results
- Sewer Inspection Methodology
- IN-PIPE GROUND PENETRATING RADAR FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE. EVALUATION OF PVC LINED CONCRETE PIPE
- Concluding Remarks
- Numerical Example
- Multivariate Vector
- Approximation for Joint PDFs
- TIME-VARIANT RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR SERIES SYSTEMS. WITH LOG-NORMAL VECTOR RESPONSE
- Numerical Examples
- RV Model for Condition Based Maintenance
- Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) Policy
- Comparison of Lifetime Distributions
- Comparison of RV and GP Models
- Gamma Process (GP) Deterioration Model
- Models of Deterioration
- A COMPARISON OF PROBABILISTIC MODELS OF DETERIORATION FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF STRUCTURES
- Illustrative Example
- Decision-Making under Multiple and Conflicting Objectives
- Overview of Multi-objective Optimization Approach
- Multi-objective Maintenance Optimization of Aging Bridge Decks
- Bogdanoff’s Cumulative Damage Model
- Condition Assessment Model
- Predicting Deterioration of Bridge Decks Using BogdanofPs Cumulative Damage Model
- Methodology for Risk-Based Maintenance Optimization
- RISK-BASED MAINTENANCE OPTIMIZATION OF AGING. HIGHWAY BRIDGE DECKS
- Use of empirical equations in estimating reliabilities
- Results for elastocplastic systems
- Statistics, ratios and inelastic displacement
- RELIABILITY OF BILINEAR SDOF SYSTEMS SUBJECTED. TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING
- Conclusions
- Reliability Analysis for Selected Bridges
- Bridge (system) resistance
- Girder resistance
- Bridge Resistance Models
- Bridge Load Models
- Structural Reliability Analysis and Limit State Functions
- Structural Analysis Model
- SYSTEM RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES
- Constraints
- Damage Detection Problem
- Scale factor
- Linking
- Side Constraints
- Optimization
- Why use optimization?
- Frame Assembly
- Theory Damage Detection
- DAMAGE DETECTION USING STATIC RESPONSE DATA AND OPTIMALITY
- Sparse Compliant Mechanism Design Problem
- Circular Domain Stability Design Problem
- Stability Design of Sparse Structure under Fixed-Fixed End Conditions
- Analysis Problem Size Reduction Technique
- Structural Performance Measures
- Structural Analysis
- Constitutive Mixing Rules
- Problem Formulations
- STRATEGIES FOR COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN CONTINUUM STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION
- Linear Frames - A Particular Case
- Optimization Scheme
- Equations of motion
- Problem Formulation
- GRADIENT BASED OPTIMIZATION OF ADDED VISCOUS. DAMPING IN SEISMIC APPLICATIONS
- Introducing the Optimization of Batter
- Optimization of a 2-D Pile Foundation, Optimizing Only Pile Size
- Example
- Optimization of Weightless Design Variables
- Optimality Criteria Method
- OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
- Final Remarks
- Explicit and Implicit Optimization
- Expanding Area of Application
- Dual View of Mechanics
- Structural Optimization
- Application on the Stability of a Viscoelastic System
- Estimation of the Expectation through the Logarithm of Norm
- ON THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF. MOMENT LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS
- Features of Nonlinear Response
- Details of Static Nonlinear Analysis
- Buckling and Delamination
- Geometry, Materials and Boundary Conditions
- Response of sandwich columns under compression
- Performance of the UMAT model
- Selection of Parameters: General
- Calibration and evaluation of performance of the models using a test case
- UEL Model
- Cohesive Layer Models
- A STUDY OF QUASI-STATIC DELAMINATION IN SANDWICH STRUCTURES
- Method of Analysis
- Logistics Processes and Variables
- ASSESSING ALTERNATIVE PREFABRICATION METHODS:. LOGISTICAL INFLUENCES
- The Application of the IVCGA to Conceptual Building Design
- Examples of Interactive and Visualisation Systems for Engineering Design
- Closing Comments
- Visualising Evolutionary Computation
- Interactive Evolutionary Computation
- Visual and Interactive Evolutionary Systems
- INTERACTIVE VISUALISATION SYSTEMS FOR CONCEPTUAL. BUILDING DESIGN: A PRACTICAL APPROACH
- The Effects of Through-Thickness Texture Gradients
- Numerical Simulations
- Parallel Computing
- Constitutive Model
- HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF MICROSTRUCTURAL. PHENOMENA IN POLYCRYSTALLINE METALS
- Implementation of the Proposed Approach
- Determine Structural Element Geometry and Topology
- Select and Position Structural Assemblies
- Select Structural Subsystems
- Knowledge-Based Exploration of Structural Alternatives
- Interactive Knowledge-Based Support for Conceptual Structural Design
- Literature Review
- INTERACTIVE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ASSISTANCE. FOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
- A Linear Conservative Gyroscopic System
- The Pfluger Column
- SYMMETRIZATION OF SOME LINEAR CONSERVATIVE. NONSELF-ADJOINT SYSTEMS
- Numerical Example
- Improved Basis Vectors
- Efficient Finite-Difference Derivatives
- Derivatives of the Eigenpairs
- Problem Formulation
- Applications
- Validation
- The Asymptotically-Correct Stiffness Matrix
- The Variational Asymptotic Method
- ASYMPTOTICALLY-CORRECT STRUCTURAL MODELLING OF. THIN-WALLED ANISOTROPIC CLOSED CROSS-SECTION. ROTATING SLENDER BEAMS
- Summary and conclusions
- Illustrative numerical examples
- Hypercube point concentration sampling
- Rosenblueth’s point estimate method
- Background and discussions
- Numerical Results
- Galerkin Solution
- Plates on Random Elastic Foundation
- Galerkin Method
- Stochastic Algebraic Equations
- GALERKIN METHOD FOR STOCHASTIC ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS. AND PLATES ON RANDOM ELASTIC FOUNDATION
- Prediction of Stress-Strain Curves for the Three Types of Laminates
- Application Examples
- Post-Damage Constitutive Model Based on the Concept of Smeared Crack
- Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Epoxy Polymers
- Unified Periodic Boundary Conditions
- MICRO/MESO-ANALYSIS OF POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH DAMAGE EVOLUTION
- Results and Discussion
- Crack Geometry
- Stresses in Plastic Zone
- Stress and Strain Field around Crack
- Background
- CRACK INDUCED STRESS FIELD IN AN ELASTIC-PLASTIC PLATE
- Conclusions
- Results
- Experimental methodology
- Background
- RELATIVE NDT EVALUATION OF THE SIDE WALLS OF A BRICK CHANNEL
- Reliability Investigation of a Shell Structure
- Linear Stability Analysis
- Dynamic Stability Analysis
- Numerical Example: Plate Structure
- Random Fields Conditional on Dynamic Measurements
- Perturbation Approach
- Stochastic Finite Element Formulation
- Random Fields
- APPLICATIONS OF RANDOM FIELD MODELS. IN STOCHASTIC STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
- Discussion and Conclusions
- 3D Simulations
- 2D Simulations
- Feature Grid for Correlating Data
- Determining embryo layer thickness
- Geometric Data
- Constitutive Model
- THE MECHANICS OF EARLY EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT:. INSIGHTS FROM FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
- Numerical Results (Macro-mechanical Approach)
- Nonlinear Viscoelastic Modelling
- Macro-mechanical Creep Response of Polyethylene
- Constitutive Micro-modelling
- Structure of Polyethylene
- MICRO - AND MACRO-MECHANICAL APPROACHES FOR. MODELLING OF POLYETHYLENE MATERIAL FOR PIPES
- Multi-Objective Control of an Active Tensegrity Structure
- Results
- Methodology
- LEARNING, SELF-DIAGNOSIS AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE CONTROL OF AN ACTIVE TENSEGRITY STRUCTURE
- Design Suggestions
- The Influence of Screw Spacing on the Shear Resistance of Walls
- The Influence of Height of Wall on the Shear Resistance of Walls
- The Influence of Studs Spacing on the Shear Resistance of Walls
- The Influence of Steel Strength on the Shear Resistance of Walls
- Calculation Parameter Analysis of Cold-Formed Steel Stud Walls
- Analysis of Specimens
- Finite Element Analysis
- Analysis of Test Results
- Load Process and Failure Characteristics of Specimens
- Test Apparatus
- Test Program
- STUDY ON SHEAR RESISTANCE OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STUD. WALLS IN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE
- The Impact of Corner Radii
- Modified Constrained FSM
- Constrained FSM Model
- Conventional FSM Model
- Classical Flexural-Torsional Buckling Beam Model
- Discussion of Global Modes
- Mode Contribution Calculation
- Applications for the Constrained Finite Strip Method Pure Mode Calculation
- Constraint Matrix
- Modal Decomposition and the Constrained Finite Strip Method
- Mode Definitions
- Definition of Buckling Mode Classes General
- Member Stability Solutions by the Finite Strip Method
- Results comparison between analytical and experimental investigations
- Evaluation of the Ultimate Lateral Strength of SWP
- DETERMINATION OF THE LATERAL STRENGTH OF SHEAR WALL PANELS. WITH COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMES
- Summary and Conclusions
- Web Shear Capacity
- Flexure Capacity of Compression Chord
- Clinch Requirements
- Experimental Study
- I-Shaped Joist Attributes
- INNOVATIVE COLD-FORMED STEEL I-JOIST
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Simplified Deflection Model
- Comparison of Predicted and Tested Shear Wall Capacity
- Simplified Strength Model
- Analytical Method
- Sheathing Connection Test Program
- Shear Wall Test Program
- Objective and Scope
- ANALYTICAL PREDICTIONS OF STRENGTH AND DEFLECTION OF LIGHT GAUGE. STEEL FRAME / WOOD PANEL SHEAR WALLS
- Example 2
- Numerical Examples
- Method of Analysis
- The Hysteretic Model
- Yield Penetration Model
- Spread Plasticity Model
- Column Element
- Beam Element
- Element Modeling
- Material Properties
- “PLASTIQUE” - A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR 3D INELASTIC ANALYSIS OF
- Concluding Remarks
- Numerical Analyses
- Ductility Demand Distribution Patterns
- Story Plastic Mechanism Models
- Ductility Demand Models
- Design Displacement Spectrum
- Displacement Based Design of Steel Frames
- STORY BASED DUCTILITY MODELS FOR DISPLACEMENT BASED. DESIGN OF STEEL FRAMES
- Structural Analysis Results
- Geometry Survey
- Field Investigation Results
- Column Cracking
- Load Cases
- Loads
- Post-tensioning Effects
- Structural System
- Nondestructive Testing
- Invasive Probing and Visual Observations
- Geometry Survey
- Field Evaluation Procedures
- EVALUATION OF A FORTY-YEAR OLD T. Y. LIN DESIGNED. ELLIPTICAL POST-TENSIONED CABLE-SUPPORTED ROOF
- Nonlinear Analysis with Tri-linear M-Y Curve
- Elastic-Plastic Connections with Limited Capacity in both directions
- Elastic-Plastic Connections with Limited Capacity of Positive Moment
- Elastic-Plastic Connections with Limited Capacity of Negative Moment
- Formulation of the Solution Procedure
- A NEW METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES INCLUDING. NONLINEAR SEMIRIGID CONNECTIONS
- Summary and Conclusions
- Portal Frame Example
- Structural Analysis
- Over-strength connections: Mp < Mu
- Intermediate-strength connections: My <Mu <Mp
- Under-strength connections: Mu < My
- Characteristics of Compound Rotational Element
- Degradation Factors
- Series Element Model
- Rotational Compound Element
- INELASTIC ANALYSIS OF SEMIRIGID FRAMEWORKS
- Formal Optimization Methodology
- Stage 1: Selection of the “active” ground motion
- Design Methodology
- Fully Stressed Design
- Nonlinear Shear Frames
- Linear Elastic Frames
- Problem Formulation
- FULLY STRESSED SEISMIC DESIGN OF. DAMPERS IN FRAMED STRUCTURES
- Mechanical Properties of Bolt
- Height of Beam Section
- Gage Distance from Angle Heel to Centerline of Bolt Hole
- Angle Thickness
- Bolt Diameter
- Influence of Bolt Pretension on Prying Force and Connection Behavior
- Distribution of Forces in Tension Bolt
- Stress-Deformation Behavior of Connection
- An Applicability of Proposed FE Analysis Method and Power Model
- Analytical Procedure
- Mechanical Properties
- Geometry of Connection Models
- ELASTO-PLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PRYING OF TOP-. AND SEAT-ANGLE CONNECTIONS
- Length of Evolutionary Processes
- Optimal Type of Evolutionary Algorithm
- Optimal Generational Model
- Optimal Parent and Offspring Population Sizes
- Optimal Rates of Mutation and Crossover Operators
- Evolutionary Computation Parameters
- Design Representations
- Experimental Design
- Memetic Algorithms
- EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF MEMETIC ALGORITHMS FOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF. STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN TALL BUILDINGS
- Example 1: A Simply-Supported Beam
- Analysis Procedures
- Computation of Parameter
- Adaptive Gradual Plastic-Hinge Model
- Inelastic Beam-Column Model
- SPREAD OF PLASTICITY: AN ADAPTIVE GRADUAL PLASTIC-HINGE. APPROACH FOR STEEL FRAMES
- Results
- Loading History
- Test Rig
- Results of the Cyclic Loading
- Cyclic Loading onAISI304 016 (Al/l = 1%)
- Results of the Monotonic Tensile Loading Test
- Tensile Tests under Monotonic Loading on AISI304 016
- Process Route
- STAINLESS STEEL REBAR FOR SEISMIC APPLICATIONS
- Concluding Remarks
- Ineffective Interior Column
- Membrane Action in Concrete Floor Systems
- QUANTIFYING INHERENT ROBUSTNESS. IN STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS
- Effect of Number of CFRP Layers
- Verification of Model and Parametric Study
- Failure Criteria
- Effective Moment of Inertia (If
- Lateral Displacement
- Force Equilibrium and Moments
- Meshing System
- Residual Stresses in HSS Section
- Summary of Experimental Investigation
- MODELING OF AXIALLY LOADED HSS SLENDER STEEL. MEMBERS RETROFITTED WITH COMPOSITES
- Design Guidelines
- Findings of the Shear-lag Study
- Findings of the Fatigue Study
- Experimental Results
- Experimental Program
- HM CFRP Strengthening System
- FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW HIGH MODULUS CFRP MATERIALS. FOR STRENGTHENING STEEL BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES
- Example 1: Continuous addition of diagonal braces to a 40-story 3-bay framework
- Illustrative examples
- Overall design procedure
- Local OC search operator
- Hybrid OC-GA Method
- EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION OF BRACED STEEL FRAMEWORKS. FOR TALL BUILDINGS USING A HYBRID OC-GA METHOD
- Conclusion and Future Developments
- Post-Buckling
- Vibration
- Buckling
- Illustrative Examples
- Numerical Implementation
- Post-Buckling Analysis
- Vibration Analysis
- Material Behaviour
- Cross-Section Shape
- Buckling Analysis
- Recent Developments
- Conventional GBT
- GBT-BASED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THIN-WALLED MEMBERS:. OVERVIEW, RECENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
- Summary and Conclusions
- Results
- Experimental Materials and Methods
- COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING OF EARTHEN PLASTERS. FOR STRAW BALE WALL APPLICATION
- Analytical Modeling
- Effects of FRP Repair on Fatigue Strength
- Effects of FRP Repair on Static Strength
- Bond Strength
- FRP REPAIR OF CORROSION-DAMAGED CONCRETE BEAMS -. WATERLOO EXPERIENCE
- Concluding Remarks
- Proportion of Shear Carried in Compression Zone
- A Comparison of Methods
- Experimental Results
- Experimental Program
- A Modern Method of Shear Design
- Aggregate Effects
- One-Way Slabs
- The Size Effect in Shear
- ACI Method of Shear Design
- EVALUATION OF SHEAR DESIGN METHODS FOR. LARGE, LIGHTLY-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
- Analytical Results
- Analytical Modeling
- Strain Profiles and Girders Rotation
- Crack Pattern
- Deflection Profile
- Experimental Results
- Test Setup and Instrumentation
- Material Properties
- Specimen Details
- BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. REINFORCED WITH MMFX STEEL
- Test Results and Discussion
- Preparation and Testing of Concretes
- Concrete Mixture Proportions
- Experimental Investigation
- AIR-VOID STABILITY IN FRESH SELF-CONSOLIDATING. CONCRETES INCORPORATING RICE HUSK ASH
- Experimental Results
- Experimental Tests
- SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF PRECAST COLUMN-TO-FOUNDATION. GROUTED SLEEVE CONNECTIONS
- Results Compared with HAZUS
- Quantitative Damage States
- Qualitative Damage States
- Test Results
- DAMAGE STATES FOR REINFORCED CMU MASONRY SHEAR WALLS
- Damping Constant h
- Yield Criterion for Concrete Material
- Element Size in Longitudinal Direction near Supporting Point
- Analytical and Experimental Modeling Accuracy
- Modeling of Materials
- Finite Element Model
- Experimental Method
- Experimental Overview
- DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS FOR A LARGE-SCALE RC GIRDER. UNDER A FALLING-WEIGHT IMPACT LOADING
- Method of analysis and Results
- Loading Conditions
- Water
- Reinforcing Steel
- Material Model
- Finite Element Model Description
- Example
- Methodology for Inclusion of Cracks in Concrete Material Model
- AN APPROXIMATE DAMAGE MODEL FOR CONCRETE. UNDER FINITE DEFORMATION
- Experimental Results
- TAM Network
- Damage Evaluation of RC Deck by Pattern Recognition
- Keywords: damage assessment, RC slab, pattern recognition, TAM network Introduction
- DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE. DECKS USING TAM NETWORK
- Experimental Support for the CSA Shear Provisions
- Analysis by the Simplified Method
- Analysis by the General Method
- Design by Simplified Method
- Design by General Method
- Solving for the Strength of Members by the CSA General Method
- Checking for Flexure-Shear Failures
- Longitudinal Strain in Member
- Modelling of Diagonal Crushing of Concrete to Determine
- Modelling Aggregate Interlock to Determine
- The Strength of Members Subjected to Shear
- Historical Considerations
- SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF. CSA 2004 SHEAR DESIGN PROVISIONS
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Results and Discussion
- Materials and Methods
- SULPHIDE, SULPHATE AND SULPHURIC ACID CORROSION OF CONCRETE IN LABORATORY TESTS
- The 2000s
- The 1990s
- The 1980s
- The 1970s
- COLD-FORMED STEEL RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
- Isospectral Flow
- QR Factorisation
- ISOSPECTRAL VIBRATING SYSTEMS
- SMCD Member Research Interests
- An Ongoing Commitment
- Lessons
- Failures
- Critical Remarks
- Late Years
- Visiting Scholars
- Teaching-oriented Events
- Maturity
- SM Special Publications
- Solid Mechanics Archives
- SM Studies Series
- Growth
- Beginnings
- Plenary Presentations
- DEDICATION TO PROFESSOR DONALD EDWARD GRIERSON
- Advances in Engineering Structures, Mechanics & Construction
- Category: All
- Category: AND SIZE EFFECT in Concrete and Other Ouasibrittle Materials
- Tangential Stiffness Tensor Via Solution of a Body with Many Growing Cracks
- Summary and Limitations
- Examples of Results of Particle and Lattice Models
- Directional Bias
- Truss, Frame, and Lattice Models
- Particle and Lattice Models
- Nonlocal Adaptation of Microplane Model or Other Constitutive Models
- Other Aspects
- Vertex Effects
- Calibration of Microplane Model and Comparison with Test Data
- Procedure for Delocalization of Test Data and Material Identification
- Calibration by Test Data, Verification and Properties of Microplane Model
- Summary of Main Points
- Microplane Model for Finite Strain
- Numerical Aspects
- Nonlinear Microplane Behavior and the Concept of Stress-Strain Boundaries
- Volumetric-Deviatoric Split of the Microstrain and Microstress Vectors
- Macro-Micro Relations
- Microplane Model
- Material Models for Damage and Failure
- Summary
- Localization of Oriented Cracking into a Band
- Constitutive Relation and Gradient Approximation
- General Formulation: Tensorial Crack Influence Function
- Long-Range Decay and Integiability
- Cracks Near Boundary
- Crack Influence Function in Three Dimensions
- Crack Influence Function in Two Dimensions
- Statistical Determination of Crack Influence Function
- Gauss-Seidel Iteration Applied to Nonlocal Averaging
- Admissibility of Uniform Inelastic Stress Fields
- Some Alternative Forms and Properties of the Nonlocal Model
- Field Equation for Nonlocal Continuum
- Nonlocality Caused by Interaction of Crowing Microcracks
- Determination of Characteristic Length
- Nonlocal Microplane Model
- Triaxial Nonlocal Models with Yield Limit Degradation
- Triaxial Nonlocal Smeared Cracking Models
- Triaxial Nonlocal Models and Applications
- Baz. ant and Pijaudier-Cabot use a (local) damage function given by
- Nonlocal Damage Model
- An Integral-Type Model of the Second Kind
- An Integral-Type Model of the First Kind
- A Second-Order Differential Model
- A Simple Family of Nonlocal Models
- Gradient Models
- Models with Nonlocal Strain
- Basic Concepts in Nonlocal Approaches between Vr, a, and a
- Basic Concepts in Nonlocal Approaches
- Nonlocal Continuum Modeling of Damage Localization
- Hillerborg’s Model for Compressive Failure in Concrete Beams
- Break-Out of Boreholes
- Fracture in Joints
- Keyed Joints
- Crack Spacing and 'Width, with Application to Highway Pavements
- Footings
- Concrete Dams
- Beam and Ring Failures of Pipes
- Bond and Slip of Reinforcing Bars
- Anchor Pullout
- Punching Shear Failure of Slabs
- Torsional Failure of Beams
- Other Structures
- Formulas for Minimum Reinforcement Based on Fracture Mechanics
- Models Based on Cohesive Cracks
- Simplified Cohesive Crack Models
- Models Based on LEFM
- Lightly Reinforced Beams: Overview
- Reinforced Beams in Flexure and Minimum Reinforcement
- Load Causing Cracks of Given Opening Width
- Load Causing Cracks of Given Relative Depth
- Size Effect on Nominal Stress at Cracking Load
- Analysis Based on Stress Redistribution and Complementary Energy
- Analysis Based on Stress Relief Zone and Strain Energy for Longitudinally Reinforced Concrete Beams With Stirrups
- Analysis Based on Stress Relief Zone and Strain Energy for Longitudinally Reinforced Concrete Beams Without Stirrups
- Basic Hypotheses of Fracturing Truss Model
- Fracturing Truss Model for Shear Failure of Beams
- Influence of Prestressing on Diagonal Shear Strength
- Finite Element Solutions with Nonlocal Microplane Model
- LEFM Analyses of Jenq and Shah and of Karihaloo
- Gustafsson-Hillerborg Analysis
- Bazant-Kim-Sun Formulas
- Diagonal Shear Failure of Beams
- Effect of Reinforcement
- Size Effect Correction to Strength-Based Formulas
- Size Effect Correction to Ultimate Load Formulas in Codes
- Brittleness of High Strength Concrete
- Brittleness Number
- Conditions for Extending Bazant’s Size Effect Law to Structures
- General Aspects of Size Effect and Brittleness in Concrete Structures
- Brittleness and Size Effect in Structural Design
- Fracture of Arbitrary Direction
- Relation to Micromechanics of Fracture
- Nonlocalizedl Fracture: Third Parameter
- Localized fracture: Moot Point Computationally
- Comparison of Crack Band and Cohesive Crack Approaches
- Energy Criterion for Crack Bands with Sudden Cracking
- Use of Elements of Large Size
- Stress Lock-In
- Skew Meshes: Effective Width
- Stress-Strain Relations for Elements of Arbitrary Size
- Crack Band Models and Smeared Cracking
- Carry out the algebra leading to (8.5.56) and (8.5.57)
- A Simple Model with Stiffness and Strength Degradation
- Rankine Plastic Model with Softening
- Mazars’ Scalar Damage Model
- Generalized Constitutive Equations with Softening
- Rotating Crack Model
- Multi-Directional Fixed Cracking
- Incremental Approach to Cracking of Fixed Orientation
- Scalar Damage Model for Cracking of Fixed Orientation
- Secant Approach to Cracking of Fixed Orientation
- Cracking of Single Fixed Orientation: Basic Concepts
- Simple Triaxial Strain-Softening Models for Smeared Cracking
- Introducing Other Inelastic Effects
- Crack Closure in Reverse Loading and Compression
- A Simple Continuum Damage Model
- Elastic-Softening Model with Stiffness and Strength Degradation
- Elastic-Softening Model with Strength Degradation
- Uniaxial Softening Models
- Crack Band Width
- Simple Numerical Issues
- Fracture Energy for Crack Bands With Prepeak Energy Dissipation
- Unloading and Reloading
- Band Models with Bulk Dissipation
- Elastic-Softening Crack Band Models
- Basic Concepts in Crack Band Models
- Summary: Necessity of Localization Limiters
- Localization in an Elastic-Softening Bar
- Localization and Mesh Objectivity
- Localization of Strain in a Softening Bar
- . Series Coupling of N Equal Strain Softening Elements
- Mean Stress and Mean Strain
- Series Coupling of Two Equal Strain Softening Elements: Imperfection Approach
- Strain Localization in the Series Coupling Model
- Crack Band Models and Smeared Cracking
- Complex Variable Formulation of Plane Elasticity Problems
- Advanced Aspects of LEFM
- Bueckner’s Expression for the Weight Function
- Calculation of the Crack Opening Profile
- Calculation of the Volume of the Crack
- Calculation of the Crack Mouth Opening Displacement
- Compliances, Energy Release Rate, and Stress Intensity Factor for a System of Loads
- Calculation of Displacements from Ki-Expressions
- Experimental determination of Kic and Gj
- Experimental Procedures
- Numerical Procedures
- Numerical and Experimental Procedures to Obtain Ki and Q
- Subsurface Cracking in Compression by Buckling
- Herrmann’s Approximate Method to Obtain Q by Beam Theory
- Approximation by Stress Relief Zone
- Examples Approximately Solvable by Bending Theory
- Approximate Energy-Based Methods
- Superposition Methods
- Setting up Solutions from Closed-Form Expressions
- Determination of LEFM Parameters
- Structures Failing at Very Small Cracks Whose Size is a Material Property
- Size Effect in LEFM
- General Forms of the Expressions for Kj and Q
- Size Effect for Failures Characterized by Plasticity, Strength, or Allowable Stress
- Size Effect in Plasticity and in LEFM
- Relationship Between Kj and Q
- . The General Near-Tip Fields and Stress Intensity Factors
- The Center Cracked Infinite Panel and the Near-Tip Fields
- LEFM and Stress Intensity Factor
- Give a detailed proof of Eqs. (2.1.20) and (2.1.21)
- Rice’s./-Integral
- Graphical Representation of Fracture Processes
- Elastic Potentials and Energy Release Rate
- The General Energy Balance
- Energy Release Rate and Fracture Energy
- Essentials of LEFM
- Structures Without Notches or Cracks
- Structures with Notches or Cracks
- Experimental Evidence for Size Effect
- Exercises
- Size Effect Equations
- Nominal Stress and Nominal Strength
- Quantification of Fracture Mechanics Size Effect
- Sources of Size Effect on Structural Strength
- Size Effect
- Energy Absorption Capability and Ductility
- Lack of Yield Plateau
- Objectivity of Analysis
- Energy Required for Crack Formation
- Reasons for Fracture Mechanics Approach
- Trends in Fracture of Quasibrittle Materials
- Continuum-Based Theories
- Classical Nonlinear Theories
- Classical Linear Theory
- Historical Perspective
- Why Fracture Mechanics?
- About the Authors
- Vector and Tensor Notation
- AND SIZE EFFECT in Concrete and Other Ouasibrittle Materials
- Category: Baths
- In long voyage with … a bathroom suitcase of
- In a bathroom it is not slippery any more!
- Usual rectangle – a minimalist bath of
- Award for design – new baths of
- Stone baths of
- The screen under a bath: how to make a bathroom
- Bath & sink of
- Bath - red-fine!
- Bath and shelf as a unit
- Lions paws leave in a past of
- Magic space bath of
- The screen for a bathroom of
- Stylish asymmetry in design of a bath of
- Bath for two
- Bath … under feet of
- The bathroom equipment changing a place of
- Polotentsesushiteli. «Foreign guests» — water polotentsesushitel of
- Such comfortable bath …
- Heat-insulated floor in a bathroom of
- Boiler. Economical connection of
- Mini-bath for small rooms of
- We adapt foreigners of
- The deepest bath for bigger comfort of
- Mineral molding – a new trend in production of bathroom equipment of
- Form of a bath of
- Disinfection and leaving of
- We save a place in a bathroom of
- The whole matter is in the vials of
- Modern baths. And again about legs!
- Polotentsesushiteli of
- Lets have a rest in a bath!
- Glass heat of
- Bath triangle – in particular!
- Accent – on a bath!
- Bath + a sink – with comfort and comfortably
- The bathroom which is shining in the dark of
- And again about gold in bathrooms of
- Category: Bauchemie
- Thermochrome und thermotrope Schichten
- Gaschrome (hydrochrome) Schichten
- Elektrochrome Schichten
- Weitere Anwendungsfelder
- Oberflachenfunktionalisierung
- Innovationsfelder fiir Nanotechnologien auf dem Bau - sektor
- Was sind Nanoteilchen?
- Hightech im Bauwesen: Anwendung der Nano - technologie in Architektur und Bauwesen
- Baustoffrecycling heute: Eine kritische Bestandsauf - nahme
- Bitumen - und pechhaltige Recyclingbaustoffe
- Anforderungen an Baustoffe aus Recyclingmaterial
- Recyclingbaustoffe: Charakterisierung und Einteilung
- Allgemeine Bemerkungen
- Sick-Building-Syndrom
- Schwarze Ablagerungen in Wohnungen (,,Fogging“)
- Schadstoffe in Innenraumen und Gebauden
- Einleitende Bemerkungen
- Luftschadstoffe in Innenraumen
- Holzschutzmittel
- Holzschutz
- Holz und Holzschutz
- MS-Polymere sind mit den meisten am Markt erhaltlichen Lack - und Farbsystemen iiberstreichbar
- Chemisch hartende Klebstoffe
- Klebstoffe - Fugendichtstoffe - Kitte
- Reaktionsharzbeton und - mortel
- Kunststoffmodifizierte Mortel und Betone
- Beton mit Kunststoffen
- Kunststoffdispersionen
- Bautechnisch wichtige Polyaddukte
- Polyadditionskunststoffe (Polyaddukte)
- Polyesterharze - Alkydharze
- Formaldehydkondensationsprodukte
- Bautechnisch wichtige Polykondensate
- Polykondensationskunststoffe (Polykondensate)
- . • Polystyrol, PS
- • Polyvinylidenchlorid, PVDC ^
- Weich-PVC (PVC-P)
- Hart-PVC (PVC-U)
- Polyvinyle und abgeleitete Verbindungen
- • Polyisobutylen (Polyisobuten), PIB CH3
- • Polypropylen (Polypropen), PP “F
- Bautechnisch wichtige Polymerisate
- Polymerisationskunststoffe (Polymerisate)
- Einteilung der Kunststoffe nach ihrer Bildungsreaktion
- Hilfs-, Full - und Verstarkungsstoffe in Polymeren
- Duroplaste sind Polymere, die nach einmaligem Durchlaufen eines plastischen Zustandes im Verlauf der Verarbeitungsprozesse irreversibel ausharten
- Duroplaste (Duromere)
- Elastomere
- Einteilung der Kunststoffe nach ihren thermischen und me - chanischen Eigenschaften
- Aufbau und Struktur
- Kunststoffe
- Asphalte
- Teer und Pech
- Chemische Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften
- Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel
- Bitumen, Teer und Asphalt
- Organische Losungs - und Verdiinnungsmittel
- Heterocyclische Verbindungen
- Fette und Ole
- Carbonsauren und Ester
- Ether
- Beim Umgang mit Losungen bzw. Dispersionen, die als Losungsmittel halogenierte
- Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe und Abkommlinge
- Ungesattigte Kohlenwasserstoffe: Alkene und Alkine
- Gesattigte Kohlenwasserstoffe: Alkane und Cycloalkane
- Grundklassen organischer Verbindungen
- Chemie organischer Stoffe im Bauwesen
- Ma&nahmen zum Korrosionsschutz (Bautenschutz)
- Salzablagerungen auf Bauwerksoberflachen (Ausbluhungen)
- Biokorrosion
- Chloridangriff
- Korrosiver Angriff auf die Bewehrung
- T reibender Angriff
- Losender Angriff
- Chemischer Angriff auf zementgebundene Baustoffe
- Korrosion nichtmetallisch-anorganischer Baustoffe
- Umweltvertraglichkeit von zementgebundenen Baustoffen
- Kalksandsteine und Porenbetone
- Magnesia - und Phosphatbinder
- Eigenschaften von Bindemitteln auf der Basis von CaS04
- Erhartungsprozess
- Vorkommen, Darstellung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung
- Gips und Anhydrit
- Vom Deutschen Institut fur Bautechnik zugelassene Zusatzmittel
- Chemische Zusatzmittel und ihre Wirkungsweise
- Hauptanwendungsgebiete: massige Betonteile, Betonieren bei hohen AuBentemperaturen. Spezialzemente (Auswahl)
- Zementarten - Spezialzemente
- Je groBer der w/z-Wert, umso geringer sind Festigkeit und Dichtigkeit des Betons
- . Der Wasserzementwert (w/z) kennzeichnet das Massenverhaltnis zwischen Wasser (wirksamer Wasseranteil) und Zement
- Eine hoher Anteil an Kapillarporen vermindert die Festigkeit, die chemische Wider - standsfahigkeit und die Frost-Tau-Wechselbestandigkeit eines Zementsteins bzw. Betons
- Aufbau und Eigenschaften des Zementsteins
- Erstarren - Erstarrungsstdrungen
- Hydratation von Zementen
- Reaktionen des Aluminats C3A
- Zusammenfassung
- Reaktion des Zements mit Wasser
- (Zement) Zusatze
- Calciumsulfat
- Nebenbestandteile
- Kalkstein (L, LL)
- Silicastaub (D)
- Kalkreiche Flugasche (W)
- Kieselsaurereiche Flugasche (V)
- Flugasche (V, W)
- Naturliches getempertes Puzzolan (Q)
- Naturliches Puzzolan (P)
- Puzzolane (P, Q)
- Die hydraulischen Eigenschaften eines Hiittensandes verbessern sich mit steigenden Gehalten an CaO, MgO und Al203
- Bestandteile von Normzementen
- Weitere Klinkerphasen
- Portlandzementklinker: Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften
- Rohstoffe und Herstellung von Portlandzement
- Zemente
- Hydraulische Kalke
- Luftkalke
- Baukalke
- Anorganische Bindemittel
- Siliciumorganische Verbindungen
- Tone und Tonkeramik
- Glaser
- Technische Silicate (Kunstliche Silicate)
- Silicate
- Kieselsauren
- Silicate und siliciumorganische Verbindungen
- Metamorphe Gesteine
- Sedimentgesteine - Kalkstein
- Gesteine
- Gesteinsbildende Minerale
- Chemie nichtmetallisch-anorganischer Baustoffe
- Chrom im Zement - Chromatreduzierer
- Chrom
- Blei
- Zink
- Kupfer
- Nichteisenmetalle - Eigenschaften und Korrosions - verhalten
- • Anodischer Korrosionsschutz
- • Katodischer Korrosionsschutz
- Aktiver Korrosionsschutz
- • Anorganisch-nichtmetallische Schutzschichten
- • Organische Schichten
- • Metallische Schutzschichten
- Passiver Korrosionsschutz
- Korrosionsschutz
- • Ungleichmafiige oder lokal begrenzte (punktformige) Korrosion
- Erscheinungsformen der Korrosion
- Korrosion von Stahl
- Kontaktkorrosion
- Rosten von Eisen
- Wesen der metallischen Korrosion - Korrosionstypen
- Korrosion von Metallen
- Stahl
- Produkte des Hochofenprozesses
- Eisen und Stahl
- Chemie der Baumetalle
- Redoxreaktionen in nichtwassrigem Milieu
- Elektrolyse
- Elektrochemische Stromerzeugung
- Konzentrationsabhangigkeit der Elektrodenpotentiale: Nernstsche Gleichung und ihre Anwendung
- Folgerungen aus der elektrochemischen Spannungsreihe - Praktische Spannungsreihe
- Triebkraft chemischer Reaktionen - Potentialdifferenz
- Standardelektrodenpotentiale - Elektrochemische Spannungs - reihe
- Galvanische Zellen
- Redoxreaktionen - Spannungsreihe
- Formulieren von Redoxgleichungen
- Redoxreaktionen - Grundlagen der Elektro-chemie
- Technisch und bauchemisch wichtige Sauren und Basen
- Pufferldsungen
- Berechnung des pH-Wertes
- Protolyse von Salzen
- Der pH-Wert ist (lurch die Konzentration steuerbar. Die Starke von Sauren und Basen stellt dagegen eine stoffspezifische GroiJe dar
- Starke von Sauren und Basen
- Indikatoren, Saure-Base-Titration, Normallosungen
- Saure-Base-Reaktionen
- Elektrolytische Leitfahigkeit - Aktivitat
- Elektrolyte und elektrolytische Leitfahigkeit
- Analytische Bedeutung von Komplexverbindungen
- Chemische Reaktionen in Losung
- Wasser im Bauwesen
- Trinkwasser
- Wasser und Wasserinhaltsstoffe
- Gleichionige Zusatze verringern die Loslichkeit eines Elektrolyten und damit die Konzentration des Gegenions
- Loslichkeit - Loslichkeitsprodukt
- Assoziationskolloide (Micellkolloide)
- Molekulkolloide
- Dispersionskolloide
- Einteilung von Losungen nach ihrem Dispersionsgrad - Kolloide
- Polare Substanzen (Ionenverbindungen wie Salze und Metalloxide, Dipolmolekiile) losen sich im Allgemeinen nur in polaren Losungsmitteln
- Losung und Loslichkeit
- Kolligative Eigenschaften von Losungen: Gefrierpunktser - niedrigung und Siedepunktserhohung
- Dampfdruck
- Warmeleitfahigkeit und spezifische Warmekapazitat
- Viskositat
- Grenzflachenaktive Verbindungen: Tenside
- Oberflachenspannung - Benetzung - Kapillaritat
- Dichteanomalie
- Anomalien des Wassers
- Struktur und Eigenschaften des Wassers
- Wasser - Vorkommen und Bedeutung
- Abgaskatalyse bei Kraftfahrzeugen
- Entstickung von Rauchgas
- Rauchgasentschwefelung - REA-Gips
- Saurer Regen und Folgeschaden
- Schadwirkungen und Maftnahmen zu ihrer Verhinderung
- Stickoxide (NO, N02)
- Saurer Oder London-Smog
- Schwefelsauren und deren Salze
- Schwefeldioxid (S02)
- Luftschadstoffe
- Kohlendioxid als Treibhausgas - Treibhauseffekt
- Kohlendioxid (C02)
- Stratospharisches und tropospharisches Ozon - Ozonproblematik
- Ozon (03)
- Sauerstoff (O2): Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften
- Sauerstoff
- Ausgewahlte Stickstoffverbindungen
- Naturliche Luftinhaltsstoffe
- Loslichkeit von Gasen
- Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften der Luft
- Zusammensetzung der Luft
- Heterogene Gleichgewichte
- Beeinflussung der Lage des chemischen Gleichgewichts
- Massenwirkungsgesetz
- Chemisches Gleichgewicht - Massenwirkungs - gesetz
- Katalyse
- Temperaturabhangigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit
- Konzentrationsabhangigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit
- Geschwindigkeit chemischer Reaktionen
- Triebkraft chemischer Reaktionen - Freie Enthalpie
- Satz von Hess
- Bildungsenthalpie - Berechnung von Reaktionsenthalpien
- Reaktionsenthalpie
- Energiebilanz chemischer Reaktionen
- Molarer Formelumsatz
- Stochiometrie chemischer Reaktionen
- Die chemische Reaktion
- Legierungen
- Struktur ionischer Festkorper
- Struktur der Metalle
- Struktur kristalliner Festkorper
- Fester Zustand
- Intermolekulare Bindungskrafte
- Energiebandermodell
- Elektronengasmodell
- Metallbindung
- Polaritat einer Bindung - Elektronegativitat
- Raumliche Struktur der Molekule: Hybridisierungsmodell
- Uberlappung von Orbitalen
- Atombindung (Kovalente Bindung)
- Eigenschaften von lonenverbindungen
- Wechselwirkung zwischen den lonen - Gitterenergie
- Ionenbindung
- Chemische Bindung
- Periodizitat wichtiger Eigenschaften
- Periodensystem der Elemente
- Orbitalbild der Elektronen
- Aufbau der Elektronenhulle
- Radioaktivitat von Baustoffen
- Atombau und Periodensystem der Elemente
- Stochiometrische Berechnungen
- Stoffmengenanteil (altere Bezeichnung: Molenbruch)
- Stoffmengenkonzentration
- Massenkonzentration
- Volumenanteil (fur Mischungen von Fliissigkeiten)
- Massenanteil
- Konzentrationsmafte
- Stoffmenge - Mol
- Atom - und Molektilmasse
- Allgemeine Zustandsgleichung der Gase
- Volumenverhaltnisse - Satz von Avogadro
- Massen - und Volumenverhaltnisse bei chemischen Reaktionen
- Elemente und chemische Verbindungen
- Stoffe
- Allgemein-chemische Grundlagen
- Bauchemie
- Category: BRICKWORK BRICKLAYING
- . ‘Wall-Starter’ Systems
- Tying in New Junction Walls to Existing Walls
- Block Bonding
- EXTENDING THE LENGTH OF EXISTING WALLS
- Re-Pointing Method
- Mortar for Re-Pointing
- Raking Out
- . REPAIRING PERISHED MORTAR JOINTS
- REPLACING PERISHED BRICKS
- MORTAR BEES
- LIME STAINING
- EFFLORESCENCE
- Defects and Maintenance
- LETTERING
- SIMPLE STRAPWORK ON PILLARS
- Diagonal Herringbone Panels
- Basketweave Panels
- SIMPLE DECORATIVE PANELS
- . Soldier Courses
- Dentil Courses
- Diaper Patterns
- Contrasting Coloured Bricks
- Simple Decorative Work
- . EXPANSION JOINTS IN LONG BOUNDARY WALLS
- . DAMP PROOF COURSES IN BOUNDARY WALLS
- . PRE-CAST CONCRETE COPINGS AND CAPS
- PIER CAPS
- Mortar Fillet
- Tile Creasing
- Oversailing Courses at Stopped-Ends of Walls
- Constructing an Oversailing Course
- Oversailing Courses
- Simple Brick-on-Edge Copings at Return Angles
- Running-In a Brick-on-Edge Coping
- Setting-Out a Brick-on-Edge Coping
- Laying a Simple Brick-on-Edge Coping
- Simple Brick-on-Edge Copings
- . SIMPLE COPINGS TO BOUNDARY WALLS
- Constructing Isolated Piers
- ISOLATED PIERS
- Double Attached Piers in Flemish Bond
- Single Attached Piers in Flemish Bond
- Single Attached Piers in English bond
- ATTACHED PIERS
- Boundary Walls, Copings and Caps
- CAVITY WALLS AT EAVES LEVEL
- . WEEPHOLES
- AIRBRICKS
- Concrete Lintels
- BRIDGING OPENINGS IN CAVITY WALLS
- DOOR AND WINDOW REVEALS
- WINDOW SILLS AND DOOR THRESHOLDS Sealing the Cavity
- Cavity Battens
- Partial-Fill Insulation
- Full-Fill Insulation
- CAVITY-WALL INSULATION
- Positioning Wall Ties
- . CAVITY-WALL TIES
- HORIZONTAL DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC)
- Cavity Walls
- ATTENTION TO DETAIL
- FLUSH JOINT FINISH
- WEATHER-STRUCK JOINT FINISH
- RECESSED JOINT FINISH
- . HALF-ROUND OR ‘BUCKET HANDLE’ JOINT FINISH
- . TIMING OF JOINTING-UP
- Basic Joint Finishes
- Calculating Materials by Weight
- Mortar for Laying Bricks and Blocks
- CALCULATING QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS IN BRICK AND BLOCK WALLING
- PROTECTING NEW BRICKWORK AND BLOCKWORK
- Mechanical Cutting
- Cutting Blocks
- Rough-Cutting Bricks
- Cutting Bricks at an Angle
- Fair-Faced Cutting
- . CUTTING BRICKS AND BLOCKS
- Applying Cross-Joints
- Laying Blocks
- Laying the Last Brick to Line
- . Disturbing the Line
- Tingle Plates
- . Attaching String-Lines
- PRINCIPLES OF RUNNING-IN BETWEEN CORNERS
- Building the Third and Remaining Courses
- Building the Second Course
- Building the First Course
- Setting-Out for Corners at Foundation Level
- Plumbing Brickwork
- . LEVELLING AND PLUMBING BRICKWORK
- Adjustments to Gauge Below Ground
- CHECKING FOR GAUGE
- . BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING WALLS
- Cross-Joint (Perpend) Width and Vertical Deviation
- . Application of Cross-Joints
- Bedding Bricks
- Spreading Bed Joints
- Cutting and rolling is carried out as follows
- Cutting and Rolling Mortar
- BASIC BRICKLAYING TECHNIQUE
- Bricklaying Basic Skills
- KEY POINTS TO ENSURE GOOD BONDING
- Attached Piers in 100mm Blockwork
- Bonding Junction Walls in Blockwork
- . BONDING BLOCKWORK Principles
- Broken Bonding
- . Reverse Bonding
- MAKING ADJUSTMENTS
- GARDEN WALL BONDS
- Queen Closer
- Flemish Bond
- . English Bond
- ONE-BRICK WALLING
- Attached Piers in Stretcher Bond
- STRETCHER BOND
- LOAD DISTRIBUTION
- Bonding of Brickwork and Blockwork
- Corner Blocks
- OTHER TOOLS
- Plugging Chisel
- Bolster Chisel
- Lump Hammer
- CUTTING TOOLS
- Half-Round or ‘Bucket Handle’ Jointing Iron or Jointer
- Finger Trowel
- POINTING AND JOINTING TOOLS
- Squares
- Gauge Lath
- Tape Measure
- Checking the Accuracy of a Spirit Level
- Sizes
- LEVELLING AND MEASURING TOOLS
- Wooden or Polyurethane Float
- Steel Floating Trowel
- Brick Trowel
- Bricklaying Tools
- Method 2: Cowley Automatic Level
- Method 1: Spirit Level and Straight-Edge
- TRANSFERRING LEVELS
- . SITE DATUM
- PROFILE BOARDS
- SETTING-OUT A RIGHT-ANGLE USING THE 3:4:5 METHOD
- Setting-Out: Stage 4
- Setting-Out: Stage 3
- Setting-Out: Stage 1
- Selecting a Base Line
- SETTING-OUT A RECTANGULAR BUILDING
- THE ‘BUILDING LINE’
- TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS FOR SETTING-OUT
- Basic Setting-Out and Levelling
- EXPANSION AND ISOLATION JOINTS
- . SHUTTERING FORMWORK
- SUB-BASES FOR CONCRETE
- RAFT FOUNDATION
- Deep-Strip or ‘Trench-Fill’ Foundation
- Stepped Strip Foundation
- STRIP FOUNDATIONS
- Simple Foundations and Bases
- Manufacture of Aerated Concrete Blocks
- Lightweight Concrete Blocks
- Dense Concrete Blocks
- CONCRETE BLOCKS
- Special-Shaped Bricks
- Variations in Brick Size
- Special Quality
- Internal Quality
- Quality of Bricks
- Engineering Bricks
- Facing Bricks
- General Classification of Bricks
- Firing or Burning Bricks
- Drying Bricks
- Machine-Pressed Bricks
- Soft-Mud Moulded Bricks
- Wire-Cut Extruded Bricks
- Brick Manufacture
- Bricks and Blocks
- MORTAR ADMIXTURES
- PRE-BAGGED DRY MORTAR
- . READY-TO-USE MORTARS
- Mixing Mortar by Machine
- Mixing Mortar by Hand
- MIXING MORTAR
- Cleanliness of Sand
- ‘Bulking’ of Sand
- SAND
- Hydraulic Lime
- . Cement-Lime-Sand Mortar
- MORTAR MIX DESIGN
- Adequacy of Compressive Strength
- Good Bond with Bricks
- Durability
- Retention of Plasticity
- REQUIREMENTS
- Mortar
- CALCULATING QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE
- CONCRETE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
- Concreting In Cold Weather
- WEATHER CONDITIONS
- DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
- CURING AND PROTECTING NEW CONCRETE
- SURFACE FINISHING OF CONCRETE
- PLACING AND COMPACTING CONCRETE
- MINI-MIX CONCRETE
- READY-MIX CONCRETE (RMC)
- Mixing Concrete by Machine
- . MIXING CONCRETE
- . WATER/CEMENT RATIO OF CONCRETE MIXES
- Volume Batching
- Weight Batching
- GAUGING OF CONCRETE MIX MATERIALS
- AGGREGATE/CEMENT RATIO OF CONCRETE MIXES
- GRADING OF AGGREGATES
- STORAGE OF AGGREGATES
- ALL-IN BALLAST
- COARSE AGGREGATES
- FINE AGGREGATE (CONCRETING SAND OR SHARP SAND)
- CEMENT
- Concrete
- Introduction
- Acknowledgements
- BRICKLAYING
- Category: Ceramic and Glass Materials
- Phase Transitions and the Processing of Zirconia
- Diffusion Coefficients
- Electronic Properties
- Creep
- Toughness
- Hardness
- Elastic Properties
- Mechanical Properties
- Vacancy Defects
- Interstitial Defects
- Point Defects
- Amorphous Structure
- High-Pressure Phases
- Monoclinic Zirconia
- Tetragonal Zirconia
- Cubic Zirconia
- Crystalline and Noncrystalline Structures
- Zirconia
- Health Effects and Legislation
- Processing
- Applications
- Lead Compounds
- Current Research Topics
- Castable Rheology
- Moisture Profile
- E-valuation Techniques
- Drying and Firing of Refractory Castables
- Compositions and Applications
- Refractory Concretes (Monolithic Refractories)
- Current Research Topics
- Testing and E-valuation
- Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
- Carbon and Organic-Based Fibers
- Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
- Construction Concrete
- Concrete and Cement
- General Outlook
- Mullitization
- Spinel
- Metakaolin
- Loss of Adsorbed Water
- Kaolinite to Mullite Reaction Sequence
- Casting
- Soft Plastic Forming
- Stiff Plastic Forming
- Dry Pressing
- Clay-Water Interactions
- Processing Methods for Clay-Based Ceramics
- Other Clays
- Shales
- Talc
- Bentonite
- Fire Clay
- Ball Clay
- China Clay
- Clays Used in the Ceramics Industry
- Secondary Clays
- Primary Clays
- Types of Clay Deposits
- Formation Mechanism for Kaolinite
- Structure of Clay Minerals
- Structure, Formation Mechanisms, Types of Deposits, and Use of Clays
- Introduction and Historic Overview
- Clays
- Heat Capacity
- Elastic Modulus/Strength
- Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity
- Thermal Expansion
- Melting Temperature
- Properties
- Liquid Phase Sintering
- Solid-State Sintering
- Processing
- Macroscopic Behavior
- Crystal Structure
- Atomic Structure and Bonding
- Fundamental Explanations
- Applications
- Refractory Oxides
- Future Trends
- Processing Quartz and Other Silicas
- Key Properties of Quartz and Other Silicas
- Vitreous Silica
- Cristobalite
- Quartz
- Silica Polymorphs
- The Structural Forms of Quartz and Other Silicas
- Introduction and Historic Overview
- Quartz and Silicas
- Y2O3-Al2O3 Glasses
- Synthesis of YAG and Other Rare Earth Aluminates
- Y2O3-Al2O3 System
- Rare Earth Aluminates
- Synthesis of Lithium Aluminates
- Li2O-Al2O3 System
- Lithium Aluminates
- Synthesis of Magnesium Aluminates
- MgO-Al2O3 System
- MgO-Al2O3 Aluminates
- Synthesis of Calcium Aluminate Glasses
- Calcium Aluminate Glasses
- Synthesis of Calcium Aluminates
- Calcium Aluminate Bioceramics
- Refractory Castables
- Phase Equilibria and Crystal Phases in the CaO-Al2O3 System
- Calcium Aluminate Cements
- Alkali and Alkaline Earth Aluminates
- Aluminates
- Industrial Applications of the Sillimanite Minerals
- Worldwide Deposits of the Sillimanite Minerals
- Decomposition of the Sillimanite Minerals
- Structures of the Sillimanite Minerals
- The Sillimanite Minerals: Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite
- Selected Materials Properties
- Processing and Applications
- Phase Stability
- Crystal Structure
- Mullite
- Conclusion and Future Uses of Alumina
- Color of Alumina
- Optical Absorption
- Optical Properties
- Reactions of Alumina in Aqueous Solutions
- Reactions with Nonmetals
- Reactions with Metals
- Chemical Properties
- Diffusion in Alumina
- Dielectric Properties
- Electrical Properties
- Thermal Conductivity
- Vaporization of Alumina
- Heat Capacity (Specific Heat) and Thermodynamic Quantities
- Thermal and Thermodynamic Properties
- Fracture Toughness
- Plastic Deformation
- Creep
- Hardness
- Fatigue
- Strength
- Mechanical Properties
- Equilibrium Binary Phase Diagrams of Alumina with Other Oxides
- Structures of Pure and Hydrated Alumina
- Processing
- Processing
- Introduction
- Alumina
- Preface
- Ceramic and Glass Materials
- Category: CONCRETE FORMWORK
- System Selection Via Tables
- Example Project
- CHOOSING THE PROPER FORMWORK SYSTEM USING THE COMPARISON TABLES
- Home-Office Support
- Hoisting Equipment (Cranes)
- Supporting Organization
- Weather Conditions
- Local Conditions
- Speed of Construction
- Concrete Finish
- Job Specifications
- Building Design: Building Shape
- Type V Structure (Tube-in-Tube Systems)
- Type III Structure (Framed-Shear Wall Systems)
- Type I Structure (Rigid Frame System)
- Building Design: Lateral Load Supporting
- FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF VERTICAL FORMWORK SYSTEM
- Selection Criteria for Vertical Formwork System
- Limitations
- Safety
- Versatility
- Construction Time
- Advantages
- Takedown Form
- Ram Placement
- Form Placement
- Third Lift
- Concrete Placement
- Second Lift
- Starter Wall
- Typical Work Cycle
- Support Brackets
- Working Platform
- Stripping Jacks
- Rams
- Forms
- The Lifting Towers
- Self-Raising Form Components
- SELF-RAISING FORMWORK SYSTEM
- Economic Consideration in Using Slipform
- Takedown Slipform
- Tolerances
- Leveling
- Reducing Wall Thickness
- Forming Openings, Projections, and Recesses
- Rebar
- Curing/ Finishing
- Admixtures
- Temperature and Concrete Mix
- Methods and Techniques in Slipform Operation Method of Placement
- Form Platform (Working Deck)
- Sheathing
- Slipforming Components
- The Slipforming Operation
- Construction Practices
- SLIPFORMS
- Vertical Formwork Systems: Crane-Independent Systems
- Bearing Stress
- Design Load
- (No Title)
- Design Procedure
- DESIGN OF LATERAL BRACING
- DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPAN
- STRESSES CALCULATIONS
- METHOD OF ANALYSIS
- Horizontal Loads
- Lateral Pressure of Concrete Forms for Wall
- DESIGN LOADS
- WALL FORM COMPONENTS
- Wall Form Design
- Limitations of Jump Form
- Productivity
- Safety
- Durability
- Flexibility
- Use of Form Liners
- Advantages of Jump Form Significant Reduction in Crane Time
- Resetting
- Flying
- Stripping
- Third Lift: Walkway Platform Assembly
- Second Lift
- Typical Work Cycle First Lift
- The Supporting Structure
- Upper Framed Panel Form
- Jump Form Components
- JUMP FORMS
- Limitations of Gang Formwork
- Economy and Advantages of Gang Formwork
- Gang Forms Assembly
- Sizes and Materials
- GANGED FORMING SYSTEMS
- Economy of Conventional Wall Formwork
- Construction Practices
- Tie Rods
- Erection of Column Forms
- Formwork for Columns
- System Components and Construction Sequence
- CONVENTIONAL WALL/COLUMNS FORMING SYSTEMS
- Vertical Formwork Systems: Crane-Dependent Systems
- Use of Formwork Tabular Comparative Analysis
- Example Project
- CHOOSING THE PROPER FORMWORK SYSTEM USING TABLES
- Supporting Yard Facility
- Hoisting Equipment (Cranes)
- Available Capital (Cost)
- Supporting Organization
- Site Characteristics
- Local Conditions
- Job Specification Speed of Construction
- Building Shape
- One-Way Joist (Ribbed) Slab
- One-Way Slab Supported by Beams or Bearing Walls
- One-Way Slab, Beam, and Girder
- Two-Way Slab Supported by Beams
- Two-Way Flat Slab
- Two-Way Flat Plate
- Building Design: Slab Type
- FACTORS AFFECTING HORIZONTAL FORMWORK SELECTION
- Selection Criteria for Horizontal Formwork System
- Limitations
- Modular Consideration for Tunnel Formwork
- Quality
- Flexibility
- Labor Force
- Construction Time
- Cost
- Advantages of Tunnel Formwork
- Second Cycle
- Stripping
- Concrete Pour
- Form Placement
- Steel Reinforcement Placement
- Typical Work Cycle
- System Description
- TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM
- Modular and Design Factors Affecting Selection of Column-Mounted Shoring Systems
- Advantages, Usage, and Limitations of the Column-Mounted Shoring Systems
- Column-Mounted Shoring System Cycle
- Components of Column-Mounted Shoring
- COLUMN-MOUNTED SHORING SYSTEMS
- Modular and Design Factors for Selecting Flying Formwork
- Flying Formwork Limitations
- Flying to a New Position
- Rolling Out
- Flying to a New Position
- Flying Formwork Cycle
- Telescoping Extension Legs
- Aluminum Trusses
- Aluminum Joist ‘‘Nailers’’
- Sheathing Panels
- Flying Formwork Components
- FLYING FORMWORK SYSTEM
- Horizontal Formwork Systems: Crane-Set Systems
- Stringers and Shores
- Size, Length, and Spacing of Joists
- DESIGN STEPS
- Design Loads
- SLAB FORM DESIGN
- Design Methodology and Design Equations
- Load Duration
- Dry Conditions and Wet Conditions
- Grade Stress Level
- Direction of Face Grain
- Wood Species
- Plywood Grades
- Veneer Classification
- PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD
- Bearing Area Factor
- Temperature Factor
- Load Duration Factor
- Effect of Moisture
- Size Factor
- Design Values of Mechanical Properties
- Mechanical Properties of Lumber
- Sizes of Structural Lumber
- PROPERTIES OF SAWN LUMBER
- Rectangular Cross Section
- PROPERTIES OF AREA
- PROPERTIES OF FORM MATERIALS
- Slab Form Design
- Stringers and Shores
- Size, Length, and Spacing of Joists
- DESIGN STEPS
- Horizontal Load
- Vertical Loads
- Design Loads
- SLAB FORM DESIGN
- Design Methodology and Design Equations
- Load Duration
- Dry Conditions and Wet Conditions
- Grade Stress Level
- Direction of Face Grain
- Wood Species
- Plywood Grades
- Veneer Classification
- PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD
- Bearing Area Factor
- Temperature Factor
- Load Duration Factor
- Effect of Moisture
- Size Factor
- Design Values of Mechanical Properties
- Mechanical Properties of Lumber
- Sizes of Structural Lumber
- PROPERTIES OF SAWN LUMBER
- Rectangular Cross Section
- PROPERTIES OF AREA
- PROPERTIES OF FORM MATERIALS
- Slab Form Design
- Dome Forming Systems
- Joist-Slab Forming Systems
- SPECIAL HORIZONTAL FORMWORK SYSTEM
- Limitations of Conventional Aluminum Systems
- Advantages of Conventional Aluminum Systems
- Post Shore
- Aluminum Scaffold Shoring
- Aluminum Beams (Stringers)
- Extruded Aluminum Joist
- Plywood Sheathing
- Conventional Aluminum System Description
- Types of Conventional Metal Systems
- CONVENTIONAL METAL SYSTEMS
- Advantages of Conventional Wood System
- Limitations of Conventional Wood System
- Best Practices for Conventional Wood System
- Formwork for Foundation
- Formwork for Concrete Beams
- Formwork for Concrete Slabs
- CONVENTIONAL WOOD FORMWORK SYSTEM
- Horizontal Formwork Systems: Hand-Set Systems
- Glass-Reinforced Plastic
- Aluminum
- Steel
- Plyform
- Plywood
- Tensile and Compressive Strengths
- Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
- Bending Stresses
- Mechanical Properties of Lumber
- Size Classification
- Grading of Lumber
- Commercial Softwood Lumber
- Nominal Size
- Wood
- FORMWORK MATERIALS
- Repair and/or Reuse Formwork
- Provide Reshores/Backshores
- Strip Forms
- Cure Concrete
- Finish Concrete
- Consolidate Concrete
- Place Concrete
- Erect Formwork, Place Inserts, and Reinforcement
- Fabricate Formwork
- Choose a Formwork System
- AN INTEGRATED CONCRETE/FORMWORK LIFE CYCLE
- Quality
- Safety
- Speed
- FORMWORK ECONOMY AND SIGNIFICANCE
- Formwork System
- CONCRETE FORMWORK
- CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
- Preface
- Category: Construction Management. for Industrial Projects
- The Right Decisions
- Questions
- Quiz for Project Management
- Methods of Risk Avoidance
- Example
- Risk Monitoring and Control
- Risk Response Planning and Strategies
- Tabulated Method
- Matrix Method
- Defining Priorities
- Grouping of Risks
- Analogy
- SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis
- Documentation Review
- Checklists
- Root Cause Identification
- Expert Interviews
- Crawford's Slip
- Nominal Group Technique
- Delphi Technique
- Brainstorming
- Methods of Defining Risk
- Risk Identification
- Risk Assessment
- Project Risks
- The Risk Management Process
- Project Risk Management
- Advantages for Total Building Commissioning System
- Recommissioning
- Recommission Facility Every 3-5 Years
- Complete Final Commissioning Report
- Re-inspect/Review Performance Before End of Warranty Period
- Perform Deferred and Seasonal Testing
- Building Commissioning Process in the Post-Construction Stage
- Turnover Commissioning Record
- Conduct Owner Training
- Hold Commissioning Team Meetings and Report Progress
- Test Issues and Follow-up
- Test Data Records
- Oversee and Document Functional Performance Testing
- Develop and Utilize Construction Checklists
- Review Submittals for Performance Parameters
- Construction Stage
- Written Test Procedures
- Develop Commissioning Specifications
- Update/Refine Commissioning Plan
- Design Review Meetings
- Issues Log
- Concept, DD, and CD Design Reviews
- CxA Roles in BOD
- Commissioning Agent Selection
- Request for Qualifications (RFQ) for Commissioning Agent
- Commissioning Agent Qualifications
- Retain Commissioning Agent Services
- Project Lifecycle of the Construction Manager
- Project Lifecycle of the Design Professional
- Incorporation of Commissioning into A/E and CM Scope of Services
- Design Stage
- Cost-Benefit Analysis for Commissioning
- Commissioning Agent Costs
- Establishing Initial Budget for Commissioning
- Commissioning for Certifications (LEED, Energy Star, etc.)
- Developing Preliminary Commissioning Plan
- Defining the Owner's Project Requirements with the Customer Agency
- Planning Stage
- The "Total Building Commissioning System"
- Operational Phase of the Project
- External Auditing
- Checklists for Reviewers
- Checklists
- Importance of Well-Prepared Contracts in Assuring Project Quality
- Inspection Procedures
- ISO and Control Work
- Execution Phase
- Design Quality Control
- Quality Considerations of Detailed Study
- Quality Considerations During FEED (Front-End Engineering and Design) Preliminaries
- Feasibility Study Stage
- Project Quality Control in Various Stages
- Responsibility of the Owner
- The Responsibility of the Manufacturer
- Quality Assurance in the ISO
- Quality Assurance
- Quality Control Plans
- Punch List Log
- Pre-installation Inspection Reports
- Paperwork/Documentation
- Inspection During Work-in-Progress
- When to Inspect Work
- Performance Tests
- Plumbing Tests
- Mortar Testing
- Concrete Tests
- Soils Testing
- Material/Equipment Compliance Tests
- Methods of Laying Out and Checking Work
- How to Check Incoming Materials
- Submittal Data
- Why Is Quality Control Important?
- Quality Control
- Quality Plan
- Quality Manual
- Quality Management Requirements
- The ISO 9000 Standard
- Quality Management Systems
- Quality — From Theory to Reality
- Closeout Report
- Commercial Evaluation Methods
- Commercial Evaluation
- Tender Technical Evaluation
- The Direct-Order Tender
- Negotiated Tender
- Limited Tender
- Public (Open) Tender
- Bids and Tenders
- Arbitration and the Arbitrator
- General Conditions in Contracts
- FIDIC Contracts
- Contracts in ISO
- The Importance of Contracts for Project Quality Assurance (QA)
- Contracts Between an Owner and an Engineering Consultancy Office
- The Cost-Plus Contract
- The Lump-Sum Contract
- The Measured Contract
- Contracts
- Bidding, Tenders, and Contracts
- Impact of Operational Efficiency
- Project Lateness Impact
- Impact on Increasing Cost
- Project Cash Flow
- Cash Flow Calculation
- "S" Curve
- Cost Control
- Work Packages
- OBS/WBS Matrix
- Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS)
- Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
- Economic Analysis of Project Cost
- Cost Estimate to Project Control
- Detailed Cost
- Steel Structure Cost Estimate
- Parametric Estimates
- Analogous Estimates
- Bottom-Up Estimates
- Top-Down Estimates
- Cost Estimate
- Cost Types
- Cost Management
- Approval of the Design
- Change in the Design
- Design Verification
- Inputs and Outputs of the Design Phase
- Quality Control in the Design Phase
- Information Transfer
- Document and Information Transfer
- Relation Between Project Parties
- Example
- Allocate Resources to Project Plan
- Managing the Team
- Team Member Selection
- Administrative Organization for Total Quality Management
- Project Manager as a Leader
- Roles and Responsibilities of the Project Manager
- Selecting the Best Organization
- Matrix Organization
- Independent Project Organization
- Project Organization as Part of the Company
- Types of Organization
- Project Organization
- Resource Management
- Planning Overview
- Statistics Calculation for Activity Time
- Application of the PERT Method
- Example
- Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
- Critical Path Method (CPM)
- Precedence Diagram Method (PDM)
- Arrow Diagram Method (ADM)
- Gantt Chart
- Time Schedule Preparation
- Calculating the Activity Time Period
- Expected Activity Time Period
- Responsibilities of the Team
- Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
- Starting the Plan
- Plan Single Point of Accountability (SPA)
- Time Planning
- Risk Adjusted Value (RAY)
- Monte-Carlo Simulation Technique
- Decision Tree
- Chi-Square Test
- Choosing the Appropriate Probability Distribution
- Uniform Distribution
- Triangular Distribution
- Distribution for Uncertainty Parameters
- Pareto Distribution
- Extreme Value (Gumbel Distribution)
- Logistic Distribution
- Gamma Distribution
- Weibull Distribution (Rayleigh Distribution)
- Poisson Distribution
- Binominal Distribution
- Log Normal Distribution
- Normal Distribution
- Probability Distribution of Variables
- Economic Risk Assessment
- Payout Method
- Minimum Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
- Inflation Rate
- Method of Net Present Value (NPV)
- 3.2.15 Service-Out Method
- Sum-of-the-Year-Digits
- Declining-Balance Method
- Straight-Line Method
- Depreciation Methods
- Project Cash Flow
- Economic Risk Analysis
- Project Manager Skill
- Performance Evaluation
- Comparing Between Actual Work and Master Plan Cost
- Cost Follow up
- Schedule Follow Up
- Accept the Master Plan
- Evaluate the Master Plan
- Define the Cost
- Define the Available Resources
- Define the Time Frame
- Define the Scope of Work
- Define the Project Target
- Project Management Tasks
- Project Procurement Management
- Project Risk Management
- Project Communications Management
- Project Human Resource Management
- Project Quality Management
- Project Cost Management
- Project Time Management
- Project Scope Management
- Project Integration Management
- Project Management Goals
- Is this Project Successful?
- Commissioning and Startup
- Execution Phase
- Design Management
- Who Is Responsible for this Document?
- When Is the Reasonable Time?
- How Can We Implement this Document?
- Why Is It Important?
- DSP Reference Document
- DSP Notification Document
- Executive Summary
- What is the DSP?
- Decision Support Package
- Detail Engineering
- Feed (Preliminary) Engineering
- Feasibility Study
- Getting to the Scope Baseline
- Initiation of the Project
- Project Life Cycle
- Project Characteristics
- Project Management
- Introduction
- Construction. Management for. Industrial Projects
- Category: Decor
- To refresh an interior by means of covers on furniture
- Ah, these fine stained-glass windows …
- Trafaretny list
- In the house, where carved palisade
- Global gardening or what should be ecologically spotless house
- My wild beasts …
- New and original: textiles in your house
- Chair in an evening dress
- From history of art molding
- Ornament will be that stirs all
- The technician of a stained-glass window – we read to touch to fine …
- Picture... at a window?
- Comfortable house. Candles
- 100 times try on, and once – paste!
- Dressing of walls by a fabric
- Window fashion
- Marble or tree only paint.
- House fountains
- Artificial flowers.
- Mosaic from pebble
- You have many old ball pens? To throw out or use?
- Flora and fauna tandem in the house apartment
- Plants in an office
- Flower compositions. Landing councils.
- Vase, «lying on one side»
- Flower compositions.
- Spring ball of fabrics, tyuly, furs, wall-paper: On April 9
- again about a mosaic. Infinite possibilities.
- Winter garden, winter garden...
- Manufacturing of decorative products from plaster without the aid of others.
- There will be a furniture with … starfishes
- «New equipment in drawing»
- «Beze» in an interior of apartments
- Scenery from prosechny metal
- Flowers in the house
- The pool with a fountain - the semantic and visual center of all house
- Hours and fan – that between them the general?
- To rise in the afternoon together with … a flower
- Include … a pillow!
- Fabric ролеты
- New clothes for walls
- What it is possible to do with a heap of old disks? 😉
- Your feature in comfortable details of a house situation
- Lighting devices the hands
- Koshkin house
- World behind the looking-glass
- The decoupage
- Mirrors in an interior (on feng shui)
- Magic stones on a wall. We add a highlight.
- Pith covering – a panel on a wall
- Rolled curtains
- Guess, what is it?
- The Roman curtains - a delicacy of your house!
- Both a room to decorate, and clothes to hang out
- Creation wall «an ancient fresco» the hands
- Small keeper of keys
- Bed decor «cardboard boxes»
- The unique support for flowers, will decorate any drawing room.
- Embroidery in an interior
- Comfortable house. Plaids
- New screens – though to the apartment, though in an office!
- Akvatorialny room
- Curtains - we open an essence.
- Curtains
- Category: DEWATERING AND GROUNDWATER CONTROL
- Example of type B-3 specifications (dewatering)
- Well discharge header system
- Measurement and payment
- Operation and maintenance of dewatering and surface water control systems
- Dewatering system flow
- Piezometers
- Monitoring dewatering systems
- Surface water control
- Materials
- Installation of jet-eductor wells
- Jet-eductor well system
- Pumping test on the dewatering systems
- Equipment and та terials
- Installation of well screen and riser
- Installation of wells
- Deep-well dewatering system
- The Red River flows along and around a por
- Example of type B-2 specifications (dewatering and pressure relief)
- Wellpoint and pressure relief systems
- Example of type B-l specifications (dewatering and pressure relief)
- Payment
- Dewatering sys tern
- Dewatering
- Example of type A-l specifications (dewatering)
- EXAMPLES OF DETAILED DEWATERING SPECIFICATIONS
- Open channel flows
- WELL AND TOTAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS
- TRANSFORMATION OF ANISOTROPIC SOIL CONDITIONS. TO ISOTROPIC SOIL CONDITIONS
- EXAMPLES OF DESIGN OF DEWATERING AND. PRESSURE RELIEF SYSTEMS
- Step-drawdown pump test
- C-3. Equilibrium pumping test
- Geneml test procedures
- Pumps
- Nonequilibrium-type test
- FIELD PUMPING TESTS
- Type B specifications
- Types of specifications
- CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS
- Wellpoint systems
- CHAPTER6OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE CONTROL
- Hollow-stem auger method
- Piezometers
- Cement and chemical grout curtains
- Wellpoint systems
- INSTALLATION OF DEWATERING AND GROUNDWATER CONTROL SYSTEMS
- Control of surface water
- Freezing
- Dewatering shafts and tunnels
- Deep-well systems
- Electroosmosis
- Header pipe
- Deep-well pumps
- Numerical analyses
- Electrical analogy seepage models
- Flow-net analyses
- Flow to wells from a circular source
- Flow to a drainage slot
- Well or screen репе tration W/D
- Mathematical and model analyses
- DESIGN OF DEWATERING, PRESSURE feELIEF, AND GROUNDWATER CONTROL SYSTEMS
- Groundwater characteristics
- Soil testing
- Delineatethesoilstratification
- GEOLOGIC, SOIL, AND GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS
- Selection of dewatering system
- 818-6/AFM 88-32 and NAVFAC DM 7.3
- Deep-well systems
- STAINLESS STEEL DUTCH 'WEAVE SCREEN
- Sumps and ditches
- Types and source of seepage
- METHODS FOR DEWATERING. PRESSURE RELIEF,. AND SEEPAGE CUTOFF
- Permanent groundwater control
- Construction dewatering
- Category: Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives
- Laboratory Testing
- Accelerated Weathering
- Results and Discussion
- Laboratory Testing
- Accelerated Weathering
- Tilt-Up Warehouse Exposures
- Experimental Methods
- Field Performance and Accelerated Weathering of High Performance Acrylic and Polyurethane Sealants for Tilt-Up Applications
- Comparison between Water Penetration Test Results of Vertical and Horizontal Joints
- Water Penetration Test Results for Horizontal Joint
- Water Penetration Test Results for Vertical Joint
- Crack Width Related to Joint Movement and Crack Length
- Test Methods
- Test Parameters
- Test Specimen
- Test Apparatus
- Approach and Description of Test Apparatus, Specimen, and Methods
- Overview of Approach
- Characteristics of Climate Loads
- Defects in Buildings Envelopes and Jointing Systems
- Water Penetration of Cladding Components—Results from Laboratory Tests on Simulated Sealed Vertical and Horizontal Joints of Wall Cladding
- Test Results
- Materials, Specimens, and Test Methods
- Development of Accelerated Aging Test Methodology and Specimen for Bonded CFRP Systems
- Outdoor
- Statically Strained Samples
- Results and Discussion
- Experimental Design
- Instrumentation
- Characterization
- Effect of Strain on the Modulus of Sealants Exposed to the Outdoors
- Controlled-Stress Cyclic Deformation
- Shear Deformation
- Instruments
- Materials
- Rheometry
- Using Rheology Test Methods to Assess Durability of Cured Elastomers Undergoing Cyclic Deformation
- Dependency of QS-Value on Geographic Exposure Location
- Test Results
- Evaluation
- Outdoor Exposure Conditions
- Experimental Procedures
- Quantification of Effect of Enforced Cyclic Movement and Regional Exposure Factors on Weatherability of Construction Sealants
- Discussion
- Results
- Mechanical Test Procedure
- Artificial Accelerated Weathering
- Test Specimen Configurations
- Overview of Test Program and Sealants Tested
- Bomb Blast Mitigating Glazing Design
- Bomb Blast Characteristics
- Evaluation of Silicone Sealants at High Movement Rates Relevant to Bomb Mitigating Window and Curtainwall Design
- Summary and Conclusions
- Other Bonding Geometries of Interest: L - and E-types
- T-type Bonding Geometries without and with Degradation
- U-type Bonding Geometries without and with Degradation
- Adhesive Material Test Results
- Durability by Design: New Results on Load-Carrying Silicone Bonding
- Acknowledgments
- Summary and Outlook
- Results and Discussion
- Preparation of Test Specimens
- Adhesively Bonded Specimen for Accelerated Testing
- Combined Test Cycles
- Hygrothermal Testing
- Accelerated Aging
- Durability of Ultra-High Performance Concrete and Adhesively Bonded Joints
- Selection of Adhesives and Ultra-High Performance Concrete Composition
- Pretreatment of UHPC Surfaces
- Adhesives
- Ultra-High Performance Concrete
- Resistance of Adhesive Bonding of Ultra-High Performance Concrete to Hygrothermal, Corrosive, and Freeze-Thaw Cycling Environments
- Error and Bias
- Findings
- Observations
- Experimental Method
- Residue Removal Tests
- Observations of Plasticizer Performance
- Cleaning Silicone Residue from Glass
- Arrhenius Testing
- ATR-FTIR Analysis
- PH Paper Testing
- Experimental
- Results and Discussion
- Study of Wetting and Drying Phases of Concrete
- Adhesion Development of Organic and Silicone Sealants on Wet and Dry Concrete
- Guidelines for the Use of New Substrates in Structural Silicone Attachment
- Discussion of Results
- Experimental
- Substrate Durability Guidelines Used in Silicone Structural Attachment
- Hydrophobic Contamination
- UV Resistance of Adhesion on SCG
- Self-Cleaning Glass Glazing Sealant Application
- Oil Resistance
- Nonstaining Behavior Adjacent to the Joint
- Compliance with Standards
- Surface Weatherability
- Adhesion Durability on Glass Exposed to Strong UV Irradiance
- Durability Potential of STPA Based Sealants
- Brief History of Silyl Terminated Polyether (STPE) Sealants
- Evaluation of the Durability Potential of Silyl Terminated Polyacrylate Based Construction Sealant
- Sealants Studied
- Detailed Procedure
- Testing Methodology
- Relative Resistance of Silicone and Si-Hybrid Based Sealants to Alternating Periods of Accelerated Weathering and Thermo-Mechanical Movements
- Tests on Life-Size Structural Components
- Tests on Small Bonded Specimens
- UV and VIS Light Curing Acrylates
- Experimental Evaluation of Ultraviolet and Visible Light Curing Acrylates for Use in Glass Structures
- Guidelines for Improving the Reliability of Accelerated Test and Prediction Procedures
- Examples of Arrhenius and Non-Arrhenius Behavior and Discussion of Possible Root Causes
- Prediction of Useful Lifetime Based on Temperature Dependency of Moisture-Related Diffusion and Chemical Degradation Processes
- Improving the Strength of the Interface
- Methods of Improving the Resistance of Interfacial Adhesion to Water
- Degradation of the Substrate
- Degradation of the Interface at the Substrate
- Effect of Water on Joints
- Moisture Ingress into Sealed or Bonded Joints
- Effects of Water Immersion on Building and Civil Engineering Joints and the Use of the Arrhenius Method in Predicting Adhesion Lifetime of Water-Immersed Joints
- Conclusions and Discussion
- Observations
- Results and Discussion
- Procedures
- Experimental Considerations
- New Weathering Test Method for Sealants and Preliminary Experimental Results
- Thoughts on the Development of Novel Test Concepts
- Selective Review of Weathering Tests
- Selective Review of Weathering Tests for Sealants and Thoughts on the Development of Novel Test Concept Based on Simultaneous Weathering and Movement
- Summary of Observations
- Results and Observations
- Hardness
- Evaluation Methods
- Description of Sealants
- Test Panel Configuration and Assembly
- Test Site Location
- Long-Term Outdoor Weathering Study of Construction Sealants
- Conclusions and Outlook
- Results of System Test and Their Interpretation
- System Evaluation
- Methodology for an Improved Evaluation Approach
- Joint Sealing Systems for Pavements—A New Approach Towards a Performance Related Evaluation of Capability and Durability
- Evaluation of Results
- Results
- Experimental Work
- An Attempt at Finding a Correlation Between Environmental and Accelerated RILEM TC 139-DBS Weathering for One-Component Polyurethane Sealants Applied on Mortar
- Closure
- Field Experience with Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixation
- Development of New Test Methods and Performance-Based Specifications
- Factors Influencing the Durability of Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixations
- Laboratory Testing and Specialized Outdoor Exposure Testing
- Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers STP1514 Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives: 3rd Volume
- Category: Eco-efficient construction and building materials
- Some Pratical Cases
- Eco-Labels and Environmental Product Declarations
- LCA of Construction and Building Materials
- Selection Process
- Bactericidal Capacity
- Air Pollution Reduction
- . Self-Cleaning Ability
- Photocatalytic Applications
- Composites with Nanoparticles
- Cementitious Composites with Enhanced Strength and Durability
- Nanotechnology Achievements
- Renders for Salt Laden Masonry Substrates
- Air Lime Mortars with Vegetable Fat
- . Rehabilitation of Gypsum Plasters
- Render Rehabilitation
- Mortars for Concrete Structure Repairs
- Electrochemical Techniques to Prevent or Reduce Steel Corrosion
- Concrete Surface Treatments
- Concrete Conservation and Retrofitting
- Renders Used in Ancient Buildings
- Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement
- Chloride Penetration
- Carbonation
- . Sulphate Attack
- Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
- Pathology and Durability
- Durability of Binder Materials
- Indoor Air Quality
- Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
- Non-Renewable Resource Consumption and Waste Generation
- Eco-Efficiency Aspects
- Durability
- Soil Stabilization with Cement
- Stabilization with Lime
- . Soil Stabilization
- Particle Size Correction
- Properties and Soil Classification
- Laboratory Tests
- On-Site Tests
- Earth Stabilization
- Compressed Earth Blocks
- . Adobe
- Rammed Earth
- Techniques
- Earth Construction
- Fibre Modification
- Matrix Modification
- Durability
- Using Bamboo Rebars
- Properties of Cement Composites
- Matrix Characteristics
- Fibre Characteristics and Properties
- Cement Composites Reinforced with Vegetable Fibres
- Shape Optimization
- Unfired Units
- Fired-Clay Bricks with Industrial Wastes
- Masonry Units
- Toxic Metals Immobilization
- Reuse of Mine Wastes
- Durability
- Mechanical Strength
- Curing Conditions
- Constituents Mixing Order
- Use of Additives
- Alkaline Activators
- Blaine Fineness
- Prime Materials
- Historical Background
- Alkali-Activated Binders
- Magnesium Phosphate Cement
- Concretes Based on New Binders
- Self-Sensing Concrete
- Concrete with Organic Polymers
- Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes
- Tyre Rubber Wastes
- Vegetable Wastes
- Concrete with Non Reactive Wastes
- . Influence of Pozzolans on Concrete Performance
- Tests for the Assessment of Pozzolanic Activity
- Pozzolans, Pozzolanic Reaction and Pozzolanic Activity
- Concretes with Pozzolanic By-Products
- Binders and Concretes
- Recycling Concrete with a ‘‘Heating and Rubbing Method”
- Recycling Asbestos-Based Materials
- Recycling Gypsum-Based Materials
- On Site-Sorting and Recycling
- . Selective Demolition and Disassembly
- C&D Waste Management Plan
- Regulations
- Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes
- Phase Change Materials
- High. Performance Thermal Insulation Materials
- Thermal Insulation Materials Based on Natural Materials
- Materials That Reduce Energy Consumption
- Embodied Energy
- Energy
- Conclusions
- Leaching and Eco-Toxicity Tests
- Lead Plumbing
- Nanoparticles
- Asbestos-Based Materials
- Radioactive Materials
- Materials That Release Toxic Fumes During Fire
- Plastics and Synthetic Adhesives
- Paints, Varnishes and Wood Impregnating Agents
- Toxicity of Construction and Building Materials
- Eco-Efficient Construction and Building Materials
- Sustainable Construction
- Sustainable Development
- Introduction
- Category: High-Performance Construction Materials
- Lamb-wave-based approach
- Vibration-characteristic-based approach
- Impedance-based approach
- Application of piezoelectric material to structural health monitoring
- Shape restoration using superelastic SMAs
- Application of Active SMA Devices for Structural Vibration Control
- SMA column anchorage and SMA beam-column connection
- SMA dampers for bridges
- SMA braces for frame structures
- SMA energy dissipation devices
- SMA isolation devices
- Application of Passive Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Devices in Structural Vibration Control
- Applications of Smart Materials and Structures
- Actuation using magnetorheological fluids
- Actuation using the shape-memory effect
- Actuation using electrostrictive and magnetostrictive devices
- Sensing and actuation using piezoelectric devices
- Sensing using optical fibers
- Extrinsically Smart Materials and Structures
- Self-Healing Materials
- Self-Actuating Materials
- Self-sensing polymer-matrix composites
- Self-sensing cement-matrix composites
- Self-Sensing Materials
- Smart Materials and Structures
- Verifications of models Film Model (Model 1)
- Effect of Holiday Sizes
- Assumptions in developing the models
- Case 2. With chemical reaction
- Modeling Liquid Transport into Coated Concrete
- Measurements
- Water vapor emission test
- In-situ bonding test
- Full-scale test
- CIGMAT CT-3 (modified ASTM C 321)
- CIGMAT CT-2 (modified ASTM D 4541)
- Bonding tests
- Visual inspection
- NaCl solution (15%)
- NaCl solution (15%) immersion
- Laboratory tests
- Sample preparation
- Test Methods
- Coatings and Sealers
- Sludge dewatering
- Enhanced evaporation
- Geosynthetics for combined anaerobic and aerobic lagoons
- Aerobic (aerated) lagoons
- Anaerobic lagoons with covers
- Geosynthetics in wastewater treatment
- Geosynthetics in landfills
- Geosynthetics in erosion control
- Geosynthetics in hydraulic projects
- Geosynthetics in walls
- Geosynthetics in slopes over stable foundations
- Geosynthetics in road engineering
- Geosynthetics in drainage and filtration
- Guidelines and Specifications
- Other functions
- Erosion control
- Fluid/Gas (barrier) containment
- Reinforcement
- Drainage
- Filtration
- Separation
- Geosynthetics Functions
- Products
- Geosynthetics Classification
- Wovens
- 7.3.1 Nonwovens
- Geotextile Structures
- Geotextile Polymers
- Geosynthetics — Characteristics and. Applications
- Recommendations for focused masonry research
- 6.6 Summary and Recommendations 6.6.1 Summary
- Cost-effectiveness of masonry in niche markets
- Cost of masonry to the environment
- Life-cycle cost of a masonry building
- Initial cost of masonry to the owner
- Cost of masonry in the structure
- Cost of masonry at the job site
- Manufacturing cost of masonry units
- Design and specification cost of masonry
- Cost-Competitiveness of Masonry
- Concluding remarks on structural performance of masonry under extreme loads
- Wind resistance of masonry
- Earthquake resistance of existing masonry
- 6.4.4.1 Earthquake resistance of new masonry
- Masonry as structure for extreme loadings
- Mixed-approach design
- Effective shear area for non-rectangular cross-sections
- The 1/3 stress increase
- Moment magnifiers for masonry beam-columns
- Minimum and maximum flexural reinforcement
- Inconsistencies in current design provisions
- Strength design versus allowable-stress design versus empirical design
- Introductory remarks to masonry as structure
- Local appearance of masonry
- Architectural details
- Global appearance of masonry
- Performance of Masonry as Architecture
- Concluding remarks on masonry as building envelope
- Resist or accommodate differential movement
- Resist or transfer externally applied loads
- Control damage from hail and wind-borne debris
- Control damage from fire
- Control of noise
- Control of humidity
- Control of the environment inside the envelope (temperature, humidity and noise)
- Control water vapor
- Resist liquid water
- Performance of Masonry as Building Envelope
- Enhancing the Performance of Masonry. Structures
- Miscellaneous
- FRP deck replacement for bridge deck systems
- Internal reinforcement to concrete members
- FRP jacketing in confining RC members under axial compression
- Near surface mounted (NSM) FRP rods
- Post-tension tendons
- Seismic retrofit of RC columns
- Upgrading steel structural members
- Upgrading Reinforced Concrete (RC) Structural Members
- External reinforcement to concrete and steel structures using FRP plate bonding
- ‘All FRP composite ’ structures
- The Current Developments of Fibre Reinforced Composites in the Civil Infrastructure
- Preparation of substrate surfaces for Bonding Like and Dissimilar Adherents
- Adhesive bonding of steel adherents
- Adhesive bonding of concrete surfaces
- Adhesives
- Methods to improve the durability of FRP composite materials in the civil infrastructure
- 5.4.5 Durability
- Fibre orientation
- Properties of advanced polymer composites
- The resin transfer moulding (RTM)
- The filament winding technique
- The pull-winding process
- The automated processes
- The hot melt factory-made pre-impregnated fibre (prepreg) (developed for the civil engineering industry)
- The resin infusion under flexible tooling technique
- The wet lay-up method
- Manufacturing methods of advanced thermosetting polymer composites and their properties
- The relative properties of fibre/matrix materials
- Advanced Polymer Composites (Using Thermosetting Polymers)
- Aramidfibre (aromatic polyamide)
- The carbon fibre
- The glass fibres
- The Fibre
- The mechanical and physical properties of the polymer
- Unsaturated polyesters (Thermosetting polymers)
- Vinlyesters (Thermosetting polymers)
- Epoxies (Thermosetting polymers)
- The elastomer
- Thermosetting polymers
- Thermoplastic polymer
- Reinforcement Mechanism of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites
- Advanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer. Composites
- Example applications of double-core BRBS in Taiwan
- Application of SPSWs and BRBFs for Seismic-Resistant Structure
- Pseudo-dynamic tests of a full-scale 3-bay 3-story CFT/BRB composite frame
- Damage inspection and non-destructive testing of BRBs
- All-metallic and detachable BRBs
- Experimental responses of BRBFs
- Tube-to-tube tie connection designs for DCBRBs
- Slip resistant bolted connection details in brace end double-tee - to-gusset joints
- Key mechanical properties of the BRBs
- Seismic design of BRBF
- Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame System
- Experimental responses of buckling restrained SPSWs
- Seismic design of buckling restrainers
- Combined linear elastic computer programs and capacity design concept
- Non-linear push-over analysis
- Analytical method Strip model
- Adjacent columns
- Capacity design ■ Intermediate beams
- Seismic design of SPSW
- Steel Plate Shear Wall Building System
- Non-TMCP high performance structural steel plates
- ULCB steel HT590
- Acicular ferrite-type Mn-Mo-Nb APIx70 steel
- Fire resistant steel SN490CFR
- Characteristics of high performance steel plates
- High Performance Structural Steels
- Structural design and specifications for high performance steel
- High Performance Steel Material and. Structures for Earthquake Resistant Buildings
- Concluding Remarks
- Evolution in performance
- Typical fiber contend and fiber volume fraction
- Applications
- Fiber-Matrix Reinforcing Effectiveness
- Experimental Observations of Tension, Compression, and Bending Response
- Surface energy of pull-out
- Surface Energy in Tension
- Example: Critical Volume Fraction of Fibers
- Critical Volume Fraction of Fiber to Achieve DeflectionHardening Behavior in Bending
- Critical Volume Fraction of Fiber to Achieve StrainHardening Behavior in Tension
- Summary: Idealized Tensile Response for Modeling
- General Pull-Out Response - Part III of Fig. 3.10(b)
- Strain at Maximum Post-Cracking Stress, Spc
- Case of non-circular fibers
- Example of 3D orientation
- Upper bound limit
- Composite strength assuming all fibers pull-out simultaneously
- Composite strength assuming all fibers fail simultaneously
- Maximum Post-Cracking Stress: Composite Strength in Tension, (7 pc
- Elastic Modulus of the Composite in the Uncracked State
- Case of non-circular fiber
- Upper bound stress in composite at cracking of matrix
- Stress and Strain in Composite at First Cracking of Matrix in Tension, (ccc, scc )
- Number of Fibers Per Unit Volume and Per Unit Area
- Assumptions for Modeling and Simplified Model
- Notation
- Key Difference Between Fiber Reinforced Cement and Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites for Mechanical Modeling
- Current range of fiber geometric properties
- Micro-fibers
- Fibers for cement and concrete matrices
- Cement Matrices and Fibers for FRC Composites
- Strain-hardening and deflection-hardening FRC composites
- Maximum post-cracking stress or composite strength
- Stress at first cracking
- High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement (HPFRC) Composites
- Definitions
- High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites
- Major findings
- Application of SCC
- Bridges
- Qinghai-Tibet Railway
- High rise buildings
- Applications of HPC
- Guidelines and specifications for SCC
- Performance specifications for HPC
- Specifications and Guidelines for HPC
- Aesthetics
- Long-term durability
- Deformation
- Properties of hardened SCC
- Self-Consolidating Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCFRC)
- Column segregation (stability)
- L-Box (passing ability)
- J-Ring (passing ability)
- Slump flow/VSI (filling ability/deformability and stability)
- Testing of SCC
- Constituents and mixing proportions
- Self-Consolidating Concrete
- Fire resistance
- Wear resistance
- Frost resistance
- Corrosion of steel reinforcement in HPC
- Corrosion in Chloride Solutions
- Alkali-aggregate reaction
- Sulphate attack resistance
- Acid corrosion
- Transport of chloride ion in HPC
- Permeability
- Durability of HPC
- Creep
- Shrinkage
- Stress-strain relationship and modulus of elasticity
- Strength
- Properties of High Performance Concrete
- Mixture proportions for HPC
- Water
- Chemical admixtures
- Aggregate
- Supplementary cementitious materials
- Cement
- Constituents and Mixture Proportions of HPC
- Definitions of HPC
- High Performance Concrete
- Organization of This Book
- Design Codes and Specifications for Use of High Performance Construction Materials
- Recent Construction — High Performance Construction Materials
- High rise concrete buildings
- Constructions in the 20th century — High rise steel structures/buildings
- The early industrial age (18th-19th Century)
- Construction in the Romans times
- Construction in the Greek Era
- Construction in ancient Egypt
- River valley civilizations — The first steps in permanence
- Introduction
- Biographical Sketch for each Author
- High-Performance Construction Materials
- Category: Innovative Materials and Techniques in Concrete Construction
- Influence of Mesh Dimension
- Prestressed Concrete Girder with Corrugated Steel Web
- Experimental Validation
- Flat Approximated Model for Corrugated Webs
- Orthotropic Model for the Analysis of Beams with Corrugated Steel Webs
- Main Aspects of Design
- Construction Procedure
- Composite Box Girder Bridge
- Innovation in Bridge Design and Construction: Composite Box Girder Bridge
- Application of the Corrugated Steel Webs to Longer Spans
- Eco-Friendly Bridge
- Accordion Effect
- Characteristics of a Bridge with Corrugated Steel Webs
- Segmental Concrete Bridges with Corrugated Steel Webs
- Environment for Progress
- Environmental Needs
- Construction Methods
- Performance of Bridge Girders with Corrugated Steel Webs
- Innovation and Function of Corrugated Steel Web
- Composite Bridges with Corrugated Steel Webs to Meet Environmental Needs by Innovative Bridge Engineering
- Outlook
- The Arctic
- LNG Terminals
- Recent Concepts
- Decommissioning of the Offshore Platforms
- History and Background
- Design of Marine Concrete Structures
- Frost Durability
- Bond Development in Repair Systems
- Results and Discussion
- Frost Durability
- Bond Development in Repair Systems
- Experimental Program
- Robustness of Shrinkage-Compensating Repair Concretes
- Finite Element Temperature Simulation
- Water Immersion
- Microscopy
- Assessment of the Temperature Profile
- Residual Strength
- Concrete Mix
- Assessment of the Fire Damage of Concrete Members after Fire Exposure
- Design Through Closed-Form Equations
- Strain State Before Strengthening
- Design Example
- Dimensioning the FRP
- Design Through Closed-Form Equations
- Strengthening with Prestressed FRP
- FRP-Strengthening Design Target
- Strain State Before Strengthening
- Stress State Before Strengthening
- Compatibility
- Non-dimensional Formulation
- Geometry and Material Properties
- ULS Design of Flexural Strengthening with Prestressed FRP
- The FRP-Prestressing Device
- Technological Issues
- Current Research
- Prestressed FRP Fabrics for Flexural Strengthening of Concrete
- Test Results
- Tests on Continuous Beams
- Failure Modes in Case of Continuous Beams
- End Shear Failure
- Curtailment and Anchorage Length Failure
- Crack Bridging
- Debonding Mechanisms
- Moment Redistribution
- External Strengthening of Continuous RC Beams with CFRP
- Test Results and Discussion
- Test Setup and Displacement History
- Retrofitting
- Experimental Details
- Innovative Techniques for Seismic Retrofitting of RC Joints
- Shear Strengthening of RC Members with LRS FRP Composites
- Deformability of RC Columns Confined or Internally Shear-Reinforced with LRS FRP Composites Subjected to Seismic Loading
- Compressive Behaviour of LRS FRP-Confined Concrete
- Strength and Deformability of Concrete Members Wrapped with Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites with a Large Rupture Strain
- Two-Way Slabs
- Flexural Strengthening
- Shear Strengthening
- Seismic Retrofitting
- Confinement
- Innovative Textile-Based Cementitious Composites for Retrofitting of Concrete Structures
- Discussion
- Curvature Distribution
- Results
- Test Procedure
- Measurements
- Specimens
- Materials
- Experimental Program
- Effect of Steel Fibers on the Flexural Ductility of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Beams
- Summary and Conclusions
- Main Plates (M-Series)
- Control Plates (C-Series)
- Macroscopic Response of the Tested Plates
- Material Selection and Plate Fabrication
- Testing Procedure
- Experimental Program
- Heterogeneous Fiber-Particle Composite Subjected to Principal Stress Rotation
- Concluding Remarks
- Technological and Design Problems
- Full Scale Structure Tests
- Composite Beam Specimen test
- Experimental Investigation
- Polystyrene
- Textile Reinforced Mortar
- High Performance Steel Fibre Cementitious Composite (HPSFRC)
- Research Significance
- Sustainable Roof Elements: A Proposal Offered by Cementitious Composites Technology
- Future Work on Long-Term Properties of FRP Strengthenings
- Bond along NSM Reinforcement
- Case Study
- Design Principles
- Long Fibres in Concrete
- Tests with Steel Fibre-Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Beams
- Performance of Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
- Short Fibres in Concrete
- Fibres in Concrete Structures
- Conclusions
- Hardened-State Test Results and Discussion
- Fresh-State Test Results and Discussion
- LWASCC Mixtures
- Hardened-State Test Results and Discussion
- Fresh-State Test Results and Discussion
- Mortar Mixtures
- Hardened-State Test Results and Discussion
- Fresh-State Test Results and Discussion
- Cement Paste Mixtures
- Materials
- Experimental Program
- Methods for Measuring Packing Density
- Mix Proportioning Method for Lightweight Aggregate SCC (LWASCC) Based on the Optimum Packing Point Concept
- Necessary Actions in Promoting Utilization of RCA and RAC
- Examples of Application
- Standards and Recommendations
- RAC Mix Design Example
- Mix Proportion and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)
- Production Technologies and Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
- Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Structural Use - An Overview of Technologies, Properties and Applications
- CO2 Emission
- Environmental Assessment of the Use of Admixtures
- Drying Shrinkage Strain
- Autogenous Shrinkage Strain
- Splitting Tensile Strength
- Hardened Concrete
- Setting Time
- Bleeding
- Amount of AE Agent
- Results and Discussion
- Experimentally Measured Properties
- Production and Mix Proportions of Concrete
- Outline of Experiments
- Low-Carbon Concrete Using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash
- Durability Design
- Sustainability Design Example 2:1.5 m High Retaining Wall
- Sustainability Design Example 1: Single Span 40 m Concrete Road Bridge
- Environmental Impact Calculation (EIC)
- Sustainability Design Approach
- Geopolymer Concrete
- Material Characteristics
- Sustainability with Ultra-High Performance and Geopolymer Concrete Construction
- Conclusions and Outlook
- Analysis of Interactions and Singular Risks
- Risk Assessment
- Failure Probability Analysis
- Failure Analysis
- Description of the System
- System Analysis
- Service Life Prediction of Structural Systems
- Existing Structure - Cooling Tower
- Service Life Prediction of Structural Components
- Lifetime Prediction - Application in Practice
- Failure Probability and Limit State Function
- Intended Service Life of Civil Structures
- Deterioration Process and Limit States
- Statistical Quantification of Parameters
- Description of the Deterioration Process
- Prediction of Lifetime - Background and Basic Principles
- Prediction of the Durability of Civil Concrete Structures
- Integrated Concept for Service Life Design of Concrete Structures
- Summary and Outlook
- Sustainability
- Durability
- Physical Characteristics
- Deformation Behaviour
- Strength Characteristics
- Properties of the Fresh Concrete
- Mix Design
- Ultra High Strength Concrete
- Properties at the Hardened State
- Composition and Fresh Concrete Properties
- Stabilizer Type SCC
- Powder Type SCC
- Mix Design
- General
- New Types of High Performance Concretes - Potentials for Innovations in Concrete Construction
- Final Remarks
- Shell Pedestrian Bridge in Madrid
- Widening of the Los Santos Viaduct in Spain
- Intesa-San Paolo Tower in Turin
- New Materials and Construction Techniques in Bridge and Building Design
- Conclusions
- Adaptive Wind Fairings?
- Could Airbags Prevent Structural Collapses Due to Earthquakes?
- Selected “Non Finito” Challenges for the Future
- A Selected “Non Finito” Challenge in the Present Time
- An Example of a Challenge in the Past
- Non Finito: Challenges in Rehabilitation
- Innovative Materials and Techniques in Concrete Construction
- Category: Materials & skills for. historic building. conservation
- Exterior colour on the smaller town house
- Retention and replacement of historic glass
- Machine-made glass
- Plate
- Cylinder sheet
- Crown glass
- Broad sheet or muff glass
- Window glass
- Sash windows
- Reinstatement
- Building Regulations
- . Application of daub
- Preparation of daub
- The wattle
- Analysis of daub
- Replacement
- Removal of impermeable paints and coatings
- Maintenance
- Defects and decay
- Daub
- Withies and laths
- Staves
- Panel types
- Wattle and daub
- Repair techniques
- Timber as a material
- Timber
- Understanding what you see
- Understanding decay in building timbers
- Further reading
- Paint application
- Rust converters
- Modern paints
- Modern coatings
- Traditional coatings
- Preparing existing paint
- Surface preparation
- Stitching
- Carbon - or glass-fibre repair and strengthening
- Studding
- Plating
- Cold repair techniques
- Hot set riveting
- Soldering and welding processes
- Hot repair techniques
- Conservation strategy
- Non-destructive investigation techniques
- Condition
- Paint sampling
- Measurement
- Surveys of metal structures
- Cathodic protection
- Corrosion within masonry
- Corrosion and mechanical damage in water
- Corrosion of exposed iron and steel
- Coating iron and steel
- Bimetallic corrosion and sacrificial protection
- Corrosion
- Shaping and working steel
- Shaping and working wrought iron
- Shaping and working cast iron
- Distinguishing cast and wrought iron and steel by inspection and by testing
- Properties of iron and steel
- Cast iron, wrought iron and steel
- Glossary of various roofing terms
- Metamorphic slate
- Pantiles
- Spanish and Roman tiles
- Limestones
- Sandstones
- General random slating method
- Stone slates
- Stone slate, clay tile and metamorphic slate
- Concrete blocks
- Precast concrete
- Concrete finishes
- Placing of reinforcement and concrete, and curing
- Formwork
- Corrosion-resistant reinforcement
- Prestressing
- Reinforcement
- Cover and the durability of reinforcement
- The beginnings of reinforced concrete
- Early Portland cement
- Eighteenth-century development of lime-based mortars and Roman cement
- Earliest use of concrete
- Concrete and reinforced concrete
- A warning of the realities of reintroducing lime in building
- Case study 4: Acton Court, Iron Acton, near Bristol: repairs to paved floor
- Case study 3: Broadfield Court, Bodenham, Herefordshire: mortar repairs to stone
- Case study 2: Woolgatherers, Coxwell Street, Cirencester: repairs to rubblework surface
- Case study 1: Church House, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: repairs to roughcast render
- Case studies of lime-based repair to historic fabric
- Roughcasting (also termed harling, or wet-dash)
- Top coat (also termed setting coat, or finish coat)
- Second coat (also termed floating coat, or straightening coat)
- Plastering
- The various applications
- Aftercare and protection
- Dampening the substrate and keeping the work damp
- Preparation of mortars and access to materials on site
- Best site practice
- Public relations
- Seasonal timing
- Specifying
- Training
- Choosing the right contractor
- Particle cleanliness
- Particle geology
- Particle colour
- Particle shape
- Procurement of materials: limes
- Planning a project
- How to use lime
- Some advantages of lime
- Some disadvantages of lime
- Flexibility
- Choice of mortars and plasters
- Why use lime?
- Pozzolanic additives
- Hybrid mixes
- Hydraulic limes
- Hydrated lime
- What is lime?
- Lime-based plasters, renders and washes
- Use grouting and remedial fixings
- Cut out and rebuild
- Rake out and repoint
- Do nothing
- Structural failures
- Assessment objectives
- Failures resulting from poor design or neglect
- Brickwork
- Sourcing the material
- Conservation techniques
- Assessment techniques and deterioration issues
- History of technology and building use
- Robert Cotta
- Damage due to stresses placed upon stone
- Inappropriate repairs
- Incorrect bedding
- The effects of water and salts
- Processes of weathering and decay
- Rates of decay
- Ian Williams
- Further reading
- Techniques to restore, consolidate or improve condition
- Assessment techniques
- Chemical agents that degrade oolitic limestone
- David McLaughlin
- Stone
- The philosophy of repair
- Contributors
- Materials & skills for. historic building. conservation
- Category: Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering
- Rganic Coatings
- Specifications
- Applications
- Standards
- Performance and Durability
- Standards
- Process Control
- Standards
- Surface Preparation
- Metal Structures
- Timber Structures
- Bonded Connection Design
- Metal Structures
- Timber Structures
- Standards, Regulations and Other Useful Bibliography
- Future Developments
- Applications
- Performance and Durability
- Process Control
- Fabrication of the Connection
- Preparation of Surfaces to Be Bonded
- Design of the Bonded Connection
- Selection of the Bonding System
- Bonded Connection
- Explanatory Theories
- Adhesion
- Characteristics
- Additional Classifications
- Cost
- Durability
- Substrate and Type of Environment
- Physical Form and Type of Curing/Setting
- Field of Application
- Chemical Composition
- Adhesives
- Disadvantages
- Advantages
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Adhesives
- Fundamental Definitions
- Structural Adhesives
- Prevention Methods
- Electrochemical Methods
- Monitoring
- Prevention/Remediation
- Carbon Dioxide
- The Chloride Ion
- Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Rebars
- Organic Coatings
- Nonmetallic Inorganic Coatings
- Metallic Coatings
- Coatings
- Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
- Cathodic Protection by Sacrificial Anodes
- Modifying the System Potential (Cathodic Protection)
- Changing the Corrosive Environment
- Design
- Materials Selection
- Anticorrosive Protection Methods
- Corrosion of Stone
- Polymer Corrosion
- Biological Corrosion
- Environmentally Induced Cracking
- Intergranular Corrosion
- Selective Leaching
- Filiform Corrosion
- Crevice Corrosion
- Pitting Corrosion
- Galvanic Corrosion
- Uniform Corrosion
- Types of Corrosion
- Thermodynamic Stability and Potential-pH Diagrams
- Passivity
- Anodes and Cathodes in Corrosion Cells
- Electrochemical Reactions
- Corrosion Basics
- Importance and Costs of Corrosion
- Definition of Corrosion
- Corrosion
- Introduction to Nanomaterials
- Nanotechnology and Toxicity
- Building Materials with Photovoltaic Properties
- Antibacterial Paints and Coatings
- Building Materials with Antibacterial Properties
- Self-Healing Cement
- Self-Healing Methods
- Aqueous Coatings with Self-Cleaning Qualities
- Self-Cleaning Steel
- Ceramic Surfaces with Self-Cleaning Qualities
- Self-Cleaning Glass
- Self-Cleaning Mortars
- Eco-Active Building Materials (Removing Pollution, Antibacterial, and Self-Cleaning Properties)
- Coated Glasses
- Hardened Metals with Nanodispersion
- Nanoparticles in Pavement
- Civil Engineering Nanomaterials: Case Studies
- Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches
- Size-Dependent Properties
- Friction Forces
- Gravitational Force Versus van der Waals Force
- Scales Law
- Oxidation and Passivation
- Surface Relaxation and Restructuring
- Sintering
- Ostwald Ripening
- Motivation to Growth
- Thermodynamic Stability, Instability, and Metastability
- Lattice Mismatch or Misfit
- Heterogeneous Nucleation and Growth
- Physical Chemistry: Few Concepts
- Lattice Parameter
- Magic Numbers
- Polyhedral Nanoparticles
- Spherical Nanoparticles
- Shape Matters
- Nanomaterials in Nature
- Nanotechnology in Art History
- Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Nanomaterials
- Future Cork Products for the Civil Construction Industry
- Ecological Aspects
- Ecological Aspects Related to Cork Products Reuse and Recycling
- Cork Products in the Context of Construction Products Directive
- Maintenance and Cleaning
- Usage Methods
- Standardisation for Cork Products for Construction
- Granulated and Regranulated Cork
- Agglomerated Cork for Expansion Joints
- Agglomerated Cork for Vibration Insulation
- Agglomerated Cork for Sound and Thermal Insulation
- Cork Products and Their Physical and Mechanical Characteristics
- Chemical Composition of Cork
- Microscopic Structure of Cork
- Structure and Composition of Cork Macroscopic Structure of Cork
- Manufacturing Cork Products for Civil Construction
- Raw Materials of Cork
- Introduction What Is Cork?
- Wood-Based Products and Their Applications
- Conservation and Protection of Wood
- Insects of Dry Wood
- Subterranean Termites
- Fungi
- Wood Deterioration by Biological Agents
- Fire
- Weathering
- Wood Deterioration by Physical and Chemical Agents
- Characteristic Strength Values and Design Strength Values
- Visual Strength Grades and Strength Classes
- Mechanical Strength Sorting and Visual Strength Grading
- Load Carrying Capacity of Wood Factors Influencing Wood Mechanical Properties
- Specification and Verification of Moisture Content
- Precautions for the Use of Wood
- Moisture Content and Equilibrium Moisture Content
- Dimensional Stability and Warp Formation
- Hygroscopicity and Moisture Content Wood Moisture and Shrinkage
- Variability of the Wood
- Anisotropy
- Sapwood and Heartwood
- Earlywood and Latewood
- Softwoods and Hardwoods
- Introduction
- Regulation for FRP Strengthening Systems
- Application Process of FRP Strengthening Systems
- Field of Application of FRP Strengthening Systems
- Advantages and Difficulties in the Use of FRP Strengthening Systems
- Typical Properties of FRP Strengthening Systems
- FRP Strengthening Systems
- Regulation for FRP Rebars
- Application Process of FRP Rebars
- Field of Application of FRP Rebars
- Advantages and Difficulties in the Use of FRP Rebars
- Typical Properties of FRP Rebars
- FRP Rebars
- Regulation for GFRP Pultruded Profiles
- Connections Between GFRP Pultruded Profiles
- Examples in Rehabilitation
- Examples in New Construction
- Field of Application of GFRP Pultruded Profiles
- Advantages and Difficulties in the Use of GFRP Pultruded Profiles
- Typical Properties of GFRP Pultruded Profiles
- GFRP Pultruded Profiles
- Fire Behaviour of FRP Materials
- Sustainability of FRP Materials
- Durability of FRP Materials
- All-FRP Structures
- New Hybrid Structures
- Repair and Strengthening of Existing Structures
- Rebars for Internal Reinforcement of New Structures
- Field of Application of FRP Materials in Civil Construction
- Other Processes
- Hand Layup
- Pultrusion
- Manufacturing Processes
- Philosophy in the Development of FRP Composites
- Additives
- Fillers
- Polymerization Agents
- Resins
- Polymeric Matrices
- Constituent Materials
- General Properties of FRP Materials
- The Use of FRP Materials Throughout History
- Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
- Appendix: The Three-Litre House
- Stability under Gases and Liquids
- Accelerated Ageing Tests
- Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
- Thermal Conductivity
- Thermal Properties
- Apparent Density
- Properties of Cellular Materials
- Heating by Hysteresis
- Abrasion Resistance
- Fatigue Resistance
- Permanent Deformation
- Endurance Evaluation
- Flexural Strength
- Shear Strength
- Hardness
- Compression and Indentation
- Compressive Strength
- Resilience and Toughness
- Tear Resistance
- Elastic Properties
- Mechanical Properties
- Sample/Specimen Preparation
- Physical Tests
- Polymer Testing
- Thermoplastic Elastomers
- Elastomers
- Polyurethanes
- Polystyrene
- Polyvinylchloride
- Polypropylene
- Polyethylene
- Properties of Selected Polymers
- Polymers and Construction
- Classes of Polymeric Materials
- Polymer Structure
- Polymers in Building and Construction
- Life Cycle
- Conservation, Durability and Maintenance of Stone Construction Products
- Indirect Fixing Systems
- Stone Fixing Systems Direct Fixing Systems
- Stone Construction Products Requirements According to Specific Applications
- Interior Pavements (Floors and Stairs)
- Walls (Exterior and Interior)
- Exterior Pavements (Tiles, Slabs, Setts and Kerbs for Floors and Stairs)
- Stone Products and Application
- Representative Physical-Mechanical Properties
- Methods for Durability Evaluation
- Methods for Mechanical Properties Evaluation
- Methods for Physical Properties Evaluation
- Natural Stone Products Guarantee: Technical Certification
- CE Marking for Natural Stone Products
- Physical-Mechanical Properties: Specifications, Standards and Regulation
- Slate and Other Schists
- Marble
- Granite
- Stone Material Structure
- Ornamental Stones
- Glass Preservation and Maintenance
- Glass Structure and Properties
- Specific Recommendations for Double Glazing
- Double Glazing
- Fire-Retarding Glass
- Tempered Glass
- Specific Recommendations for Laminated Glass
- Properties of Laminated Glass
- Where It Should Be Used
- How It Is Produced
- Safety Glass
- Where It Should Be Used
- Self-Cleaning Glass
- Low-Emission Glass
- Mirror Glass
- Anti-reflection Glass
- Coated Glass
- Rolled Plate Glass
- Decorated Glass
- 8.8.1 Ordinary Glass (Clear Float Glass)
- Glasses Used in Construction and Architecture
- Recycling: Life Cycle
- Cleaning
- Handling and Storage
- Removing Condensation from Inside Windows
- Conservation, Durability and Cleaning
- Leaching
- Etching
- Corrosion
- Thermal Properties: Heat Transmission
- Fracture Pattern (Tempered Glass)
- Fracture Pattern (Annealed Glass)
- Brittle Fracture
- Stress and Strain
- Translucence, Opacity
- Absorption
- Scattering
- Refraction
- Reflection
- Optical Properties
- Glass Properties
- Flow Chart of Float Glass Production Process
- Annealing
- Fourcault-Pittsburgh Glass
- Colburn-Libbey-Owens Glass
- Crown Glass
- Mediaeval Glass
- Flat Glass-Forming Techniques
- Glass Technology
- Raw Materials
- Zachariasen Rules or Crystallochemical Theory
- Glass Composition and Structure
- Glass in Construction and Architecture: Brief History
- Glass
- Recovery of Ceramic Waste
- Problems with Ceramic Tiles
- CE Marking
- Testing Standards (EN ISO 10545)
- Regulations Applicable (Specification and Testing)
- Extrusion (Semi-wet)
- Dry Pressing
- Ceramic Wall and Floor Tiles
- Variations in Colour [2]
- Peeling Caused by Ice [2]
- Accumulation of Moss and Detritus [2]
- CE Marking
- Regulations Applicable (Specification and Testing)
- Clay Roof Tiles
- Efflorescence and Stains [4]
- Problems with Clay Bricks
- CE Marking
- European Standards EN772
- European Standard EN771-1
- Regulations Applicable (Specification and Testing)
- Clay Bricks
- Introduction
- Ceramics
- Portuguese Standards
- Summary of Properties
- Stainless Steels for Welded Construction
- Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels
- High Strength Microalloyed Steels
- Structural Fe-C Steels
- Main Types of Steel Used in Civil Engineering: Uses and Properties
- Heat Treatment
- Work Hardening
- Optimising Mechanical Properties
- Microstructure
- Other Alloy Elements
- Effects of Alloy Elements
- Variability of Mechanical Properties
- Effect of Temperature
- Toughness, Ductile Fracture and Brittle Fracture
- Plastic Deformation
- Elastic Deformation
- Mechanical Properties
- The Crystal Structure of Iron
- Steel for Civil Construction
- Maintenance, Rehabilitation and Recycling
- Products and Applications
- Composition and Properties
- Water Proofing Systems
- Bitumen Emulsions
- Bituminous Binders
- Bitumen and Bituminous Binders
- Introduction
- Bituminous Binders and Mixtures
- Final Considerations
- Concrete and Sustainability
- Plastic Settlement Cracks
- Honeycombing
- Scaling
- Dusting
- Sand Streaking
- Bugholes
- Delamination
- Blistering
- Discolouration
- Concrete Defects Linked with Concreting
- Controlling and Checking Conformity
- Curing
- Compaction
- Casting
- Concreting Operations
- Methods for Concrete Mix Design
- Specifying Concrete
- Production, Application and Control
- Characterisation of Properties Relating to Durability
- Degradation of the Concrete Itself
- Degradation Due to Corrosion of the Reinforcements
- Degradation Mechanisms
- Durability of Concrete
- Density
- Relaxation
- Creep
- Shrinkage
- Poisson's Ratio
- Modulus of Elasticity
- Deformability
- Shear Strength
- Tensile Strength
- Compressive Strength
- Mechanical Strength Properties
- Properties in Hardened State
- Other Properties in Fresh State
- Rheology
- Factors That Affect Workability
- Test Methods
- Concept of Workability
- Behaviour in Fresh State
- Properties of Concrete
- Diversity of Types of Concretes
- The Diversity of Concrete
- Fibres
- Water
- Admixtures
- Additions
- Aggregates
- Cement
- Constituents
- Regulatory Framework
- Concrete: From Ancient Times to Modernity
- Historical Overview
- Concrete with Hydraulic Binders
- Concrete
- Books/Magazines/Journals
- Final Note
- Standardization
- Classification of the Maintenance/Repair Techniques
- Maintenance and Rehabilitation
- Classification of the Diagnostic Methods
- Classification of the Causes Associated with the Anomalies
- Pathology and Diagnosis
- Application On-Site
- Constitution
- Nontraditional Plasters
- Application On-Site
- Traditional Gypsum Plasters
- Mineral Fillers
- Synthetic Binders
- Air Lime
- Gypsum
- Design and Execution
- Resistance to the Attachment and Development of Moulds
- Resistance to Degradation Actions Due to Normal Use of the Spaces (Shocks, Friction, Water and Dirt)
- Adherence to the Substrate
- Resistance to Saponification
- Synthetic Binder-Based Coatings
- Durability
- Other Performance Parameters
- Resistance to the Attachment and Development of Moulds
- Flexural and Compressive Strength
- Adherence to the Substrate
- Planeness, Verticality and Surface Regularity
- Thickness and Hardness
- Gypsum-Based Coatings
- Functional Requirements and Performance Parameters
- Gypsum Plaster Classification
- Historic Introduction
- Gypsum Plasters
- Standardization
- Interventions in Renders of Ancient Buildings
- Classification of the Maintenance/Repair Techniques
- Maintenance Strategies
- Classification of Diagnostic Methods
- Erosion
- Loss of Cohesion or Disaggregation
- Loss of Adherence
- Dirt
- Biodegradation
- Efflorescence and Cryptoflorescence
- Cracking and Fissures
- The Most Common Anomalies in Renders and Their Probable Causes
- Pathology and Diagnosis
- Types of Finish
- Technology of Manufacturing, Preparation and Application
- Constituent Coats of Renders
- General Aspects of Design and Execution of Rendering Mortars
- Additions
- Admixtures
- Aggregates
- Binders
- Constituent Materials
- Design and Execution
- Durability (Service Life)
- Surface Condition (Finish)
- PH and Conductivity Values
- Soluble Salts Content
- Chemical Resistance
- Permeability to Water Vapour
- Permeability to Water
- Capillarity
- Porosity/Porometry
- Water-Related Performance
- Surface Resistance
- Cracking Resistance/Deformation Capacity
- Internal Mechanical Resistance
- Adherence to the Substrate
- Shrinkage
- Water Retention
- Workability
- Performance Parameters and Test Methods
- Prescriptive Specification/Performance-Based Formulation
- Functional Requirements and Performance Parameters
- Simplified Nomenclature Adopted in This Chapter
- Classification According to the Properties and/or Purpose
- Classification According to the Binder Type
- Functional Classification
- Mortars Classification
- Historical Introduction
- Renders
- Final Remarks
- Alkali-Activated Cements
- Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements
- Aluminous Cements
- Special Portland Cements
- Hydraulic Limes
- Other Hydraulic Binders' Families
- Blended Cements with Limestone
- Blended Cements with Cementitious Materials
- Blended Cements
- Chemical Degradation Reactions
- Correlation Microstructure-Properties
- Hydration
- Portland Cement
- Common Cements
- Hydraulic Binder's Industry Context
- History of Hydraulic Binders
- Introduction
- Hydraulic Binders
- Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering
- Category: News
- Клуб Вулкан Вегас
- работа в Великом Новгороде за 3 дня
- Новости Великого Новгорода
- Новости Перми
- The bathroom equipment, helping to protect
- The mixer measuring a quantity of water
- Not sink, and work of art!
- The mixer became even more convenient for kitchen
- Cylindrical sink – stylishly and ergonomically
- Fashion on classics непреходяща … even for bathroom equipment
- Bathroom equipment with a sign of the characteristic of
- Difficult steel: sink and table-top of
- Features of an origin of mixers - 1 part
- Comfortably and esthetically – new sinks of
- The whole matter is in the relief or about an unusual floor sink of
- The stiffened stream – an unusual decor of bathroom equipment of
- Mixer octopus
- The mixer – business thin!
- Zigzag mixers it is interesting!
- Malekhanka to a sink – the small mixer
- New line of mixers: a fusion in a bathroom
- Features of an origin of mixers - 1 part
- Retrobathroom equipment in a modern bathroom
- Ideal material for sinks of
- Mixers for a sink and a bath
- Mixer in width of 5 mm
- Unusual sinks - in particular picturesque!
- Sink … without a bottom of
- Historical Notes
- Stylishly and perfectly: new mixers
- Mixers in color
- Fervent mixers
- Reliefs and bends. New mixers
- Mixers from «natural sculptors»
- To wash in a new way
- Bathroom equipment in style minimalism – attention to details
- Really clever touch mixer
- In a white-white bathroom black-black mixer
- Modern bathroom equipment for a bathroom
- Mixers. Everything higher and above
- The black. Superblack. New models of mixers
- Catch a wave! The new mixer for guest baths
- Prestigious dullness in a collection of mixers
- Bathroom equipment and accessories for bathrooms on though what taste
- The mixer is sounds brutalno!
- The mixer examining hands under a microscope
- Features of an origin of mixers - the 2nd part
- The mixer without gates
- Kitchen mixers – it is excellent, in particular and very comfortably!
- One-lever mixers – originality and elegance
- Water spiral – the unique mixer
- Crystal mixers
- Wash me, please!
- Mixers with a changing decor
- Bathroom equipment in gold clothes
- One-lever mixers
- Mixer in a rural way
- The mixer in crystal
- Yuvelirka for a bathroom
- Mixer of the last generation
- Glass or sink?
- Marble in a bathroom of
- Sinks. Transparent, as water!
- Floor sinks – it is simple and with taste of
- Sinks «under concrete»
- Minimalist sinks with a relief of
- List on … to a sink of
- Ideas for the organization of a working zone in kitchen of
- Sculptural composition or usual sink?
- Small suitcase with a wash basin of
- Morning begins with a coffee cup!
- Category: Favorites
- Category: Interesting
- Smooth strips and exact sides in design of mixers
- The mixer with a shower – not the bad decision!
- Actually as touch, only it is better!
- Mixers in retrostyle
- We select bathroom equipment under a tile of
- Two sinks – two characters of
- Glass and water – an elegant sink of
- Unusual collection for kitchen of
- Minimalism in Japanese style – new bathroom equipment
- Concrete in color – a new collection of sinks
- Sink + mirror + curbstone = convenience and functionality of
- Sink triangle of
- Bathroom equipment of the last generation of
- Lets play basketball? New sink of
- Cheerful bathroom equipment of
- Patten sinks of
- Sezam, open! Unusual bathroom equipment of
- Palette of sinks of
- Compact sinks sculptures of
- Mobile wash basin
- Sinks: attention on plums
- Bathroom equipment in the Moroccan style
- Sinks in a charming form
- Bathroom equipment in gold
- Category: Latest
- Category: Other
- Category: Popular
- Category: Others
- Джойказино: игровые автоматы бесплатно
- Hовости Уфы
- Bath from … chocolate
- Lets organize the sewerage
- Warmly with a prefix smart. New thermostats
- Installation — business terrible - the 2nd part
- We choose curtains in a hall
- Law
- Built-in filters of
- Esthetics and cool in the house
- Water filters for the house
- Installation — business terrible - 1 part
- Drilling of wells on water
- Geysers - the 2nd part
- Independent installation of counters
- Pipes sanitary
- The friend is learned in … by a bidet of
- try so...
- Pissuara: childrens and adult
- Pump system that these such
- Wings and water
- The organic chemistry collapses, not organic chemistry — is sterile!
- Category: Plasticity and Geomechanics
- Further reading
- Limit analysis and limiting equilibrium
- Theorems of limit analysis
- A uniqueness theorem for elastic-plastic. deformation
- The associated flow rule
- Drucker’s stability postulate
- Extremum principles
- Principles of virtual work
- Mohr circles in three dimensions
- Mohr circles
- Non-Cartesian coordinate systems
- Last words
- Beyond Cam Clay
- Cam Clay
- Work hardening for metals
- Work hardening and modern theories. for soil behaviour
- The velocity field
- Effects of gravity
- Frictional materials
- Some simple problems
- Slip line geometries
- Slip lines
- Two-dimensional stress states
- Slip line analysis
- Non-associated flow and the upper bound theorem
- Arching
- Retaining walls
- Shallow foundation - discussion
- Shallow foundation - upper bound
- Shallow foundation - lower bound
- A vertical cut
- Discontinuities of stress and deformation
- The theorems
- Collapse load theorems
- The pressuremeter problem
- A complete stress-strain relationship
- A loading criterion
- Non-associated flow
- Example - plane strain
- Associated flow rules
- Normality
- Plastic flow
- Example - plane strain
- The Cambridge models
- Modifications to Coulomb’s criterion
- Yield surfaces for metals
- Principal stress space
- Yield
- The triaxial test
- The oedometer test
- Indications of inelastic behaviour
- Plane elasticity
- Solution of problems in elasticity
- Values for elastic constants
- Hooke’s law
- Elastic and inelastic material behaviour
- Equilibrium
- The effective stress principle
- Mohr circles
- Principal stresses
- The stress matrix
- Forces and tractions
- Strain compatibility
- Deformation and strain
- Sign conventions
- Soil mechanics and continuum mechanics
- Stress and strain
- Preface
- PLASTICITY AND GEOMECHANICS
- Category: PROCESSING
- Summary and Conclusions
- Discussion
- Dynamic Shock Cushioning Testing
- Correction of the Microstructural Parameter for Anisotropy
- Compression Testing
- Validation of Single Parameter Approach for Anisotropic Polyolefin Foams
- Dynamic Shock Cushioning Testing
- Compression Testing
- Validation of the Single Parameter Approach for Polyolefin Foams
- Falling Dart Impact Tests
- Dynamic Shock Cushioning Testing
- Morphology-Mechanical Behavior of Foams
- Microstructure Density Parameter
- Foam Anisotropy
- Cell Size Distribution
- Foam Structure
- Morphological Description of Foams
- Regular Low-Density Foams
- Microcellular Foams
- Literature Review
- The Classical Approach
- Classical Mechanical Approach
- The Relationship between Morphology and Mechanical Properties in Thermoplastic Foams
- Conclusions — Future Perspectives?
- Chemical Blowing Agent Decomposition (Off-Line)
- Impact of Screw Configuration on PFA Dissolution
- Heterogeneous Nucleation
- Nucleation
- Plasticization
- Apparent Effect of Nucleating Agent on Degassing
- Apparent Effect of Flow on Degassing
- Solubility
- Applications of Ultrasounds Related to Foam Processing
- Off-Line Technique
- Basics: The Propagation of Sound Waves in Polymers
- Nucleation
- Plasticization
- Solubility
- Tools for Understanding Foam Extrusion
- Investigating Foam Processing
- Conclusions
- Nucleation and Expansion
- Solubility
- Blowing Agent Processing
- Foam Characterization
- Monitoring of Gas-Polymer Systems
- Pathways for PFA Validation
- Foaming with CBAs
- Chemical Blowing Agents
- Blends of Physical Blowing Agents
- Other PFAs
- Hydrofluorocarbons
- Inert Gases
- Hydrocarbons
- Physical Blowing Agents
- . General Requirements for Physical Foaming Agents
- Nomenclature
- Historical Perspective
- Research on Alternative Blowing Agents
- Conclusions and Outlook
- Other Physical and Mechanical Properties
- Dimensional Stability and Expandable Bead Formulations
- PFA Affinity
- Open/Closed Cell Content
- Nucleation, Growth, and Foam Density
- Strain Hardening and Foamability
- Customizing Polymer Blends for Foam Processing and Applications
- Rheology
- Blend Characteristics
- Compatibilization
- Methods of Blending
- Designing Polymer Blends
- Miscibility
- Fundamentals of Polymer Blending
- Polymer Blending Technology in Foam Processing
- Conclusions
- Effects of Temperature, Molecular Weight, and Rate of Deformation on Failure of PS Samples
- From Liquid to Glass-Like Behavior
- Homogeneous Deformation: The Considere Criterion
- Failure and Rupture
- Effect of Physical Foaming Agent on Extensional Rheology
- Effect of PFA on Rheological Behavior
- Controlling the Strain-Hardening Feature
- Defining Appropriate Rheological Behavior for Foaming
- Polycarbonate
- PET
- PVC
- Polyolefins
- Review of Extensional Behavior of Various Foamable Polymers
- Rheological Models
- Extensional Rheology
- Shear Rheology
- Dynamic Rheology
- Basic Rheological Concepts
- Introduction: The Role of Rheology in Foam Processing
- Rheological Behavior Relevant to Extrusion Foaming
- Conclusions
- Retrograde Behavior
- Diffusion vs. Applications
- Nucleation and Cell Growth
- Cell Density
- Solubility vs. Phase Separation
- Plasticization
- Impact on Foam Processing and Foam Properties
- Investigated Polymer-Gas Systems
- Experimental Techniques
- Sorption
- Mathematical Models
- Permeation
- Measurement Methods
- Non-Fickian Diffusion
- Fickian Diffusion
- Models for Prediction
- Plasticizers and Fillers
- Polymer Crystallinity Content
- Structure and Degree of Crosslinking
- Other Variables Affecting Sorption
- Glassy and Rubbery State
- Theories and Mechanisms
- Solubility and Diffusivity
- Preface
- PROCESSING
- Category: Pump equipment
- Category: Shower cabins
- The shower cabin – more compact simply does not happen!
- Clever shower watering can
- Shower with a shelf. Two in one
- Imaginations on the subject of macaroni. Unusual bathroom equipment
- Falls and rain under a shower
- Water procedures in classical style
- Modern shower cabin — bigger comfort and a practicality
- Shower from … a flower
- Stylish and universal shower protections
- Visible shower hose for a decor of a bathroom
- Spa in soul
- In water flows and light
- Round falls
- Successful shower
- Water loop
- Shower pallets on though what taste
- Invisible shower
- Shower module: compact and functional
- Rain shower
- The pump for shower cabins
- Plums in the unusual plane
- Minimalist ladder for a shower
- Shower + radiator = warmly doubly!
- Spiritual water procedures
- Shower in any place
- Category: Small stones
- Category: Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics
- Case Study: Fracture Mechanics and Reliability Assessment
- . Fracture Mechanics and Reliability Assessment
- Case Study: Probability of Failure of a Turbogenerator Rotor
- Low Cycle Fatigue on Turbogenerators and Probability of Failure
- Multi-variable Problems: Application of a Most Probable Point Method
- How to Determine the Manson-Coffin Curve Parameters and Related Distributions
- How to Determine the Coefficient of Plasticity and the Hardening Exponent of a Material and Related Distributions
- . How to Linearly Interpolate a Set of Data and How to Account for Their Scatter
- Distributions and Probability Estimation
- Normal Probability Plot
- Histograms for the Graphical Representation of the Results
- Case Study: Quality Control of Pin Diameters
- Distributions and Probability Estimation
- Normal Probability Plot
- Histograms for the Graphical Representation of the Results
- Case Study: Probability of Static Failure of a Tensioned Rod
- Distributions
- Normal Probability Plot
- Histograms for the Graphical Representation of the Results
- Case Study: Height Distribution in a Class of Students
- Determination of the Distributions of Sets of Data
- Reliability Models Based on Experiments
- Case Study: The Paradigm for Pre-clinical Validation of New Implantable Devices
- Risk Analysis
- Biomechanical Risk Assessment: Experimental Stress Analysis and Modelling
- Case Study: Deformations of an Acetabular Cup by Means of Holographic Interferometry
- Case Study: Bone Strains Caused by Press Fitting of a Hip Stem
- Case Study: Strain Distribution in the Human Tibia, a Uniform Stress Structure
- Biomechanical Investigations in Orthopaedics at Different Dimensional Scales
- Biomechanical Musculoskeletal Models
- Methods for Measuring Musculoskeletal Kinematics and Dynamics
- Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System
- Stress Models in Biomechanics
- Visual Analysis of Crack Propagation
- Integration of the Paris Law and Its Criticality
- Case Study on Sub-critical Crack Growth for Turbine Steels and Design Criteria
- Models for Sub-critical Fatigue Crack Growth
- A Case Study on the Temperature Influence on SIF
- Fracture Mechanics Testing
- The Specimen Thickness
- Special Devices
- Specimens
- Experimental Equipments
- Stress Analysis for Brittle Fracture
- Identification by More Terms of the Strains Series Expansion
- Identification by the First Term of the Series
- Identification of the Stress Intensity Factor by Strain Gages
- Two Circular Co-planar Cracks Interaction
- Identification of SIF by Holographic Interferometry
- Linear Least-Squares Newton-Raphson Method
- Approximation by Linearization
- A Non-linear Identification Problem
- Non-coplanar Defects in a Thick Body
- The Optimization Problem
- Errors Due to Fitting Data to a Straight Line
- . SIF Identification by the Simplest Data Extrapolation
- Identification of SIF by Photoelasticity
- Case Studies of the Stress Intensity Factor Identification for Internal Cracks
- Apparent and True Plastic Zone Size
- Apparent Plastic Zone Size According to the Tresca Criterion
- Plane Strain State
- Plane Stress State
- Apparent Plastic Zone Size According to Von Mises Criterion
- Crack Tip Plasticity
- Identification of the Stress Intensity Factor Utilizing More Terms of the Series
- More Terms of Series Expansion
- Magnification Factor
- (No Title)
- Displacements Close to the Crack Tip
- The Westergaard Stress Function
- The Field Equations for the Region Close to the Crack Tip
- Plane Stress and Plane Strain
- Crack Loading Modes
- Elastic Behavior
- Behavior Classification
- Elementary Models for Stress Singularities
- Adopted Solution
- Functional Analysis of the Fixtures
- Preventing Loads Misalignments
- Appearance of the Cracks Directions in Torsional Low Cycle Fatigue
- With Assigned Loads Sequence
- Special Equipments for Torsional Tests on Shafts
- Determination of Cyclic Curve and Fatigue Curve Parameters
- Special Equipment for Material Characterization in Shear Strain-Controlled Mode
- Case Study of Notched Shafts in Torsion
- Effect of Mean Shear Stress
- Fatigue Curve for Torsional Loads
- Neuber Model for Torsional Loads
- Ramberg-Osgood Model for Torsional Loads
- Torsional Low Cycle Fatigue
- Case Study of a Damage Evaluation
- Application of Neuber Hypothesis Without Concentration Factors
- Damage Per Cycle and Accumulated Damage
- Cycle Counting Method
- Model for Variable Amplitudes
- Influence of the Mean Stress
- Fatigue Life Model in Strain Controlled Problems
- Concentration Factors for Variable Loads
- Model for Material Behavior
- Repeated Loading in Strain-Controlled Tests
- Repeated Loading in Stress-Controlled Tests
- . Strain-Controlled Versus Stress-Controlled Tests
- Laboratory Testing
- Experimental Analysis of Local Deformation
- Local Strain Models for Variable Loads
- Statistical Analysis of the Results
- Fatigue Limit for N Exceeding 6
- Fatigue Limit for N Between 2 and 6
- Case Study on the Determination of the Local Fatigue Limit of a Mechanical Component
- Dixon Method
- Influence of the Surface Finishing
- Shafts in Bending at a Stress Rate R = — 1
- Shafts in Bending at a Stress Rate R = 0
- Macroscopic Fractography as Stress Analysis Tool
- The Mean Stress Effect
- Evaluation of the Support Factors and of the Local Fatigue Limits
- Evaluation of the Relative Stress Gradient at the Reference Points
- Determination of the Local Strength at Each Reference Point
- Calculation of the Principal Stresses at a Reference Point
- Case Study for the Fatigue Assessment at a Three-Dimensional Protrusion in an Excavator Arm
- Fatigue Assessment of Mechanical Components Through Relative Stress Gradient Theory
- . Models for the Evaluation of Mean Stress Effect
- Shot-Peening Treatment for Finding Other n Values
- Predictive Model Based on Four Points
- Modeling Support Effect Through Rotating Bending Fatigue Tests: Case Study on Characterization of a Titanium Alloy
- Slope Modeling of the Local Fatigue Curve
- Eichlseder Model
- Model of the Support Factor as a Function of the Relative Stress Gradient
- Size Effect
- Dependence of Fatigue Strength on the Support Factor
- . Relative Stress Gradient for Three Dimensional Bodies
- Example of Experimental Determination of the Relative Stress Gradient
- Relative Stress Gradient in Slender Beams
- Modeling Non-uniform Stress States by Means of the Relative Stress Gradient
- From Slender to 3D-Bodies
- Support Factor in Slender Bodies
- Support Factor
- Models for the Micro-plasticity Zone
- Models for Notch Effect
- Model for Fatigue Behavior
- Fatigue Data Collection
- Fatigue Data Processing
- Tension/Compression Test and Bending Test in One Plane
- Rotating Bending Test
- Laboratory Testing
- Types of Loads
- Case Study of Fatigue Loads on a Sport Equipment
- Identification of Variable Loads
- Stress Analysis for Developing a Theory on High Cycles Fatigue
- Local Stress Models for Variable Loads
- Special Equipment for Static Tests
- Tangential Stress Micro-structural Model
- Normal Stress Micro-structural Model
- Elementary Models of Physical Theory of Fracture
- How Material Behavior Modifies Stress State
- How Stress Modifies Material Behavior
- . Experimental Verification of the Neuber Model
- Models for the Simulation of Constitutive Materials Laws
- Imposed Displacements and Imposed Forces
- Stress Beyond the Elastic Limit
- Concentration Factors for Slender Beams
- . Elliptic Hole
- Load in One Direction
- (No Title)
- Basic Theoretical Cases: Stress Concentration for Circular Holes in Thin Plates
- Stress Concentration Factors
- Case Study of a Reactor Pressure Vessel with Four Nozzles in the Cylindrical Part
- Case Study of Steam Generator Reactor Head with Four Openings on the Spherical Dome
- Design by Experiments of Pressure Vessels
- Hertzian Contact
- Force at a Point of a Straight Boundary
- The Illustrative Advantage of a Full Field Analysis
- Static Stress Models
- Developing Phenomenological Theories and Problem Solving
- Case Study: Strain Distribution in the Human Tibia
- Case Study: Optimization of the Hardware and Software Parameters
- To Filter, or Not to Filter?
- Noise of the Input Digital Images
- Observation Angle
- Possible Problems Associated with Stereoscopic Matching
- Theoretical and Practical Problems with DIC
- Typical Arrangement of a DIC System
- 3D Correlation
- Stereoscopic Matching
- Rectification
- Stereoscopic Vision
- 3D Image Correlation
- Displacements and Strains
- Operating Principle of 2D Image Correlation
- Case Study: Optimization of the Speckle Pattern
- The Speckle Pattern
- Computation Area (Facet)
- Operating Principle
- Overview of Digital Image Correlation
- Strains from Displacements
- Order Determination When No Zero Fringe Is Present
- Displacement Vector Not Lying on Plane ACB
- Case Study of Displacements Determination in a Transparent Model
- Displacement Vector Lying on Plane ACB
- Other Arrangements
- Description by Means of Ellipses
- Interference Fringes in a Real Time Hologram
- Interference Fringes in a Double Exposure Hologram
- Holographic Interferometry
- Reconstruction
- Hologram
- The Laser Light
- Holography
- Introduction to Holographic Interferometry
- Coating Calibration
- Strains and Stresses Measurement
- Measurement of Principal Strains Directions
- Birefringent Coating Method
- Determination of Stress State at Points Inside the Model
- Slices Containing Edges of External Surfaces
- Stress State on Plane External Surfaces
- Stress State in Plane External Surfaces and in Planes Perpendicular to the External Surface
- Overview of the Mold-Making and Casting Technique
- Limit of Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity
- Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity: The Frozen Stress Method
- Material Sensitivity
- Calibration of Photoelastic Material
- Stress Freezing
- Machining
- Boundary Effects
- Materials for Photoelastic Models
- Method of Oblique Incidence
- Overview of Experimental Methods for Principal Stresses Separation
- Integration of Equilibrium Equations
- Determination of Stress sign
- Shear Stresses and Normal Stresses Difference Determination
- Principal Stresses Separation
- Drawing Stress Trajectories from Isoclines
- Method of Isochromatics Multiplication
- Senarmont Method
- Measurement of Fractional Orders by Means of Quarter-Wave Plates
- Babinet-Soleil Compensator
- Compensator Made from a Wedge Pre-compressed Bar
- Determination of Fractional Fringe Orders
- Isotropic and Singular Points
- Isoclines
- Both Polarizer and Analyzer Along the y Axis
- Polarizer and Analyzer with Crossed Axes
- Plane Polariscope
- Polariscopes
- Optics of Photoelasticity
- Light Intensity
- Elliptic Polarized Light
- Optical System with a Polarizer and a Birefringent Filter
- Light Treatment in an Optical System
- Double Refraction or Birefringence
- . Plane Polarizer
- Elliptically Polarized Light
- Circularly Polarized Light
- Plane Polarized Light
- Polarized Light
- Nature of Light
- Introduction to Photoelasticity
- Determination of the Damping Factor
- Lack of Robustness and Precision
- Regularization of the Six-Degrees Load Cell
- Statically Indeterminate Cell
- Statically Determinate Cell
- Load Cells at Six Degrees of Freedom
- Loading by the Vertical Force Fz
- Loading by the Transverse Force Fy
- Load Cell for Two Forces and One Torsional Moment
- Loading by the Vertical Force Fz
- Loading by the Transverse Force Fy
- Loading by Axial Force Fx
- Load Cell for Three Forces
- Load Cells with More Degrees of Freedom
- Load Cell Calibration
- Shear Load Cells
- Ring Load Cells
- Bending Load Cells
- Load Cells with Strain Gages Sensors
- Temperature Response
- Calibration and Test Results
- Gage Preparation and Testing
- Tests on Piezo-Resistive Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Strain Gages
- Semiconductor Strain Gage
- Eliminating Cable Effects with Three-Wire Circuit
- Deformation of a Circular Shaft Subjected to Pure Torsion
- Axial Strain in Slender Beams
- Full Bridge
- Half Bridge
- Quarter Bridge
- Bridge Configurations
- Bridge Excitation
- Shunt Calibration
- Wheatstone Bridge
- RC Circuit Response to a Sinusoidal Input
- Measurement of Dynamic Strains
- Potentiometric Circuit
- Three-Gage (0° 120° 240°) or (0° 60° 120°) Rosettes
- Three-Gage Rectangular (0° 45° 90°) Rosettes
- Strain Gage Rosettes
- Compensation for Thermal Output
- Influence of a Temperature Variation
- Transverse Sensitivity and Strain Gage Factor
- Resistance Values
- Materials for Metal Strain Gages
- Relationship Between Strain and Resistance Change
- Properties of Strain Gages
- Introduction to the Application of Strain Gages
- Further Reading
- Regularization Using Regularization Matrix
- Regularization Method of Tikhonov-Phillips
- Systems in Functional Form
- Pseudo-Inverse Matrix for Under-Posed Problems
- Inverse Solution for Systems in Matrix Form
- Quality Indicators of Inverse Solutions
- Forward and Inverse Problems for Elastic Discretized Structures
- Rules for Inverse Problems
- General Rules
- Premise
- Introduction to Inverse Problems
- A Brief Review of the Experimental Methods Utilized in the Book
- Instructions to Instructors
- Introduction
- Experimental Stress Analysis for Materials and Structures
- Category: Steel Structures
- Impact Load
- Stainless Steel
- Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcement
- Steel Pipe Rack Design
- Pile Caps
- Precast and Prestressed Piles
- Concrete Piles
- Steel Piles
- Timber Piles
- Deep Foundation
- Surfaces Waves
- Body Waves
- Cross-Hole Test
- Vane Test
- Cone Penetration Tests
- Standard Penetration Test
- Boring Report
- Boring Depth
- Spacing of Borings
- Sampling Methods
- Wash Borings
- Soil Boring Methods
- Organization of Fieldwork
- Planning the Program
- Soil Exploration Methods
- Soil Investigation and Pile Design
- Installation
- Launching and Upending Forces
- Transportation Forces
- Loadout Forces
- Lifting Forces
- Jacket Erection
- Jacket Assembly
- Joint Fabrication
- Fabrication
- Engineering of Execution
- Construction Procedures
- Design Quality Control
- Cases of Impact Load
- Cases of Impact Load
- Calculation of Collision Force
- Boat Landing
- Fatigue Analysis
- Tubular Joint Punching Failure
- Tubular Joint Calculation
- Tubular Joint Design
- Dynamic Structure Analysis
- In-Place Structure Analysis
- Bracing System
- Jacket Design
- Topside Structures
- Approximate Design Dimensions
- Platform Configuration
- Other Loads
- Earthquake Load
- Current Loads
- Comparison between Wind and Wave Calculation
- Wave Load
- Gravity Load
- Offshore Platform Design Overview
- Major Steps in Constructing an Offshore Structure
- Tension Leg Platforms
- Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading
- Concrete Gravity Platforms
- Catwalk
- Auxiliary Platform
- Production Platform
- Self-Contained Platforms
- Tender Platforms
- Drilling or Well Protector Platforms
- Fixed Offshore Platforms
- Types of Offshore Platforms
- Overview of Fixed Offshore Structures
- Inspection Planning for Offshore Structure
- Development of Consequence
- Development of Likelihood
- Risk Matrix
- RBI Plan for Offshore Structures
- RBI Maintenance Plan
- Assessment Process
- Maintenance Plan
- Optimization Strategy
- Expected Total Cost
- Repair
- Repair and Inspection Strategy and Optimization
- Time Required to Deterioration
- Required Time to Corrosion
- Capacity Loss in Reinforced Concrete Sections
- Repair Time
- Present Value Method
- Basic Rules of Cost Calculation
- Economic Study for Maintenance Plan
- General Precaution
- Application on Site
- CFRP Types
- Using Steel Sections
- Repair Steps
- Complete Member Casting
- Shotcrete
- Grouted Preplaced Aggregate
- Casting Way at the Site
- Manual Method
- Cement Mortar
- Polymer Mortar
- Cleaning the Steel Reinforcement Bars
- Concrete
- Cleaning the Concrete Surface and Steel Reinforcement
- Water Jet
- Pneumatic Hammer Methods
- Manual Method
- Removal of Concrete Cracks
- Strengthening the Structure
- Main Steps to Execute Repair
- Repair of Industrial Structures
- Bond Strength in Case of Cathodic Protection
- Cathodic Protection for the Prestressed Concrete
- A Comparison between Cathodic Protection and Other Methods
- Follow-Up Precaution
- Precaution in Anode Design
- Conductive Layer
- Vertical Surface Anodes
- Anode System
- Source of Impressed Current
- Cathodic Protection Components and Design Consideration
- Cathodic Protection
- Cathodic Protection System
- Cathodic Protection by Surface Painting
- Pore Lining
- Coating and Sealers
- Sealers and Membranes
- Protecting Concrete Surfaces
- Fiber Reinforcement Bars
- Galvanized Steel Bars
- Cathodic Inhibitor
- Anodic Inhibitors
- Corrosion Inhibitor
- Methods of Protecting Foundations from Corrosion
- Structural Assessment
- Case Study Four: Structural Assessment
- Case Study Three: Structural Assessment
- Case Study Two: Structural Assessment
- Case Study One: Structural Evaluation
- Chloride Test
- Measurement of Carbonation Depth
- Electrical Resistivity Measurement
- Half-Cell Potential Measurements
- Concrete Cover Measurements
- Manual Method
- Test Methods for Corroded Steel in Concrete
- Sources of Concrete Failure
- Comparison between Different Tests
- Inherent Variations in In Situ Strength
- Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
- Rebound Hammer
- Core Test
- Concrete Test Data
- Methods of Structure Assessment
- Detailed Inspection
- Chemical Reaction
- Thermal Stresses
- Drying Shrinkage
- Settlement Cracking
- Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
- Visual Inspection
- Collecting Data
- Preliminary Inspection
- Assessment of Existing Structures
- Pretensioning
- Anchor Design Considerations
- Calculate Required Embedment Length
- Allowable Stress Design
- Ultimate Strength Design
- Anchor Bolt Strength Design
- Calculation of Vessel Anchor Bolts
- Embedment Depth
- Edge Distance
- Anchor Bolt Projection
- Bolt Types, Details, and Layout
- Coatings and Corrosion
- Sleeves
- Washers
- Anchor Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
- Anchor Bolt Design
- Base Plate Design
- Connection Design
- Welding in Existing Structures
- Strength of Welds
- Welding Symbols
- Bolts
- Connections
- Crane Supports
- Handrails and Railings
- Stairway and Ladders
- Pipe Rack Superstructure Design
- Design of Beam Column Member (LRFD)
- Design of Beam Column Member (Allowable Stress Design)
- Allowable Deflection
- Lateral Torsion Buckling
- Beam Design
- Steps of Preliminary Design
- Compression Members
- Slenderness Ratio
- Tension Members
- Design Procedure
- Stress-Strain Behavior of Structural Steel
- Steel Structures in Industry
- Pipe Support
- Footing Design
- Anchor Bolt Check
- Pedestal Design
- Design Data
- Shear Consideration
- Top Reinforcement
- Reinforced Concrete Design
- Check for Foundation Sliding
- Check Stability and Sliding
- Soil Bearing on the Octagon Footing
- Footing Design
- Pedestal Design
- Dead Loads
- Design Elements
- Loads Calculation
- Design Data
- Footing Design
- Footing Size
- Pier Design
- Pier Size
- Design Elements
- Design Criteria
- Design Data
- Top Reinforcement
- Bottom Reinforcement
- Foundation Design
- Reinforcement for Piers
- Anchorage Considerations
- Pier Design
- Slide Plates
- Anchor Bolts
- Load Combinations
- Thermal Forces
- Bundle Pull Load (Exchangers)
- Earthquake Loads
- Wind Loads
- Live Loads
- Dead Loads
- Design Procedure
- Static Equipment Foundation Design
- Ring Wall Reinforcement
- Concrete Ring Beam Design
- Soil Pressure (Uplift Is Present)
- Soil Bearing
- Earthquake Stability
- Wind and Earthquake Stability and Pressures
- Ring Beam Design Consideration
- Piping Flexibility
- Design Basis for Small Tanks
- Load Combination
- Tank Design Loads
- Self-Supporting Dome and Umbrella Roofs
- Self-Supporting Cone Roofs
- Supported Cone Roofs
- Allowable Stresses
- Roof System
- Calculation of Thickness by the Variable-Design-Point Method
- Calculation of Thickness by the 1-Foot Method
- Allowable Stress
- Shell Design
- Annular Bottom Plates
- Bottom Plates
- Tank Capacity
- Steel Storage Tank
- Check Stability against Bearing Capacity
- . Check Stability against Sliding
- Check Stability against Overturning
- Preliminary Retaining Wall Dimensions
- Retaining Wall
- Circular Tank
- Rectangular Wall—Concrete
- Concrete Storage Tanks
- Storage Tank Design
- Design Checklist
- Grouting
- Inertia Block Bolt or Pad Mounting Bolt Installation
- Spring and Rubber Mounts
- Isolating Liners
- Vibration Isolation
- Soil Parameter
- Foundation Dynamic Analysis
- Trial Foundation Sizing Guidelines
- Foundation Design
- Machine Requirements
- Design of Foundations for Vibrating Equipment
- Test Combinations
- Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Design
- Horizontal Vessels and Heat Exchangers
- Vertical Vessels
- Load Combinations
- Wind on Ice-Covered Structures
- Design Ice Thickness for Freezing Rain
- Loads due to Freezing Rain
- Site-Specific Studies
- Ice Loads
- Bundle Pull Load
- Thermal Loads
- Impact Loads
- Design Review for Seismic Loads
- Flexibility of Piping Attachments
- Rigid Nonbuilding Structures
- Design Basis
- Building and Nonbuilding Structures
- General Precaution
- Boilers and Pressure Vessels
- Piping Systems
- HVAC Ductwork
- Mechanical and Electrical Component Period
- Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components Systems
- Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
- Earthquake Loads
- Design Load Cases
- Open-Frame Load
- Open-Frame Structures
- Wind Loads on Pipe Racks and Open-Frame Structures
- Basic Wind Load Formula
- Wind Loads
- Live Loads
- Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads
- Pipe Rack
- General Design Loads
- Dead Load
- Loads
- Loads on Industrial Structures
- Qualitative Risk Assessment
- Defining Risk Using Quantitative Risk Assessment
- Risk Assessment
- Project Risks
- Project Risk Management
- Impact of Operation Efficiency
- Project Late Impact
- Impact on Increasing Cost
- Cash Flow during the Project
- Cash Flow Calculation
- The Cost Curve
- Cost Control
- Work Packages
- OBS and WBS Matrix
- Organization Breakdown Structure
- Work Breakdo wn Structure
- Economic Analysis of Project Cost
- Cost Estimate to Project Control
- Tendering Cost Estimate
- Steel Structure Cost Estimate
- Construction Cost Estimate
- 2.10 Cost Management
- Example
- Statistical Calculation of Activity Time
- Applications for the PERT Method
- Example
- Program Evaluation and Review Technique
- Critical Path Method
- Gantt Chart
- Precedence Diagram
- Arrow Diagram
- Time Schedule Preparation
- Calculating Time Required for an Activity
- Estimating Time Required for an Activity
- Responsibilities of the Planning Team
- Work Breakdown Structure
- Where Do You Start the Plan?
- Who Will Make the Plan?
- Project Planning
- Project Manager Skill
- Project Management Tasks
- Is This Project Successful?
- Commissioning and Start-Up
- Execution Phase
- Design Management
- Detail Engineering
- FEED (Preliminary) Engineering
- Project Life Cycle
- Project Characteristics
- Construction Management for Industrial Projects
- Steel Structures
- Category: STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS
- Section 1-І
- Joints Used In European Countries
- Joints Used In Singapore Projects
- ASSEMBLY
- Design Information
- Structural System
- Residential Block
- Design of supporting Nibs
- Vertical tie requirement
- Anchorage of base plate to column
- Design of holding down bolts
- Notional horizontal load
- Vertical joint strength
- Effective bearing width
- Support reinforcement
- Vertical shear
- Support reinforcement
- Floor diaphragm action and structural integrity
- Precast columns
- The precast components consist of hollow core slabs, beams, columns and staircase flights, a. Hollow core slabs
- Structural System
- 12-Storey Office Block
- ILLUSTRATIONS ON DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE BUILDINGS
- Structural ties in wall joint
- Isolated connection
- Vertical load capacity of joint concrete or mortar
- Horizontal wall joint
- Vertical wall joint
- Connection Of Precast Walls
- Base plate connection
- Socket dimensions
- Support reactions
- Socket connection
- Column Base Connection. General
- Shear Key Connection
- Welding design of steel bars
- Geometry of inserts
- Design of steel plate
- Plate with welded flanges (Figure 3.22b)
- Wide flange section (Figure 3.22a)
- Steel inserts cast in beam
- Effective bearing width of insert
- Direct shear at joint junction
- Reinforcement as in Figure 3.15
- Beam Half Joint
- Vertical links within beams
- Check average shear stress at inclined crack plane at bearing
- Bearing on corbel
- Flexural and axial tension steel
- Corbel reinforcement
- Corbel geometry
- Corbel design by strut and tie force system
- Reinforced Concrete Corbel
- Effective bearing width
- Vertical shear friction reinforcement
- Horizontal shear friction reinforcement
- Bearing On Concrete
- Static Friction
- Shear Friction Design Method
- Flexural and torsional joints
- Shear joints
- Tensile joints
- Types of Joints
- Construction Considerations
- Manufacturing Considerations
- Volume change
- Ductility
- Design Considerations
- Design Criteria
- DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS
- Calculate ultimate design vertical load (per metre length)
- Vertical load carrying capacity
- Total load eccentricities
- Maximum ultimate horizontal forces acting at second storey per frame
- Distribution of horizontal forces
- Design charts
- Design Principle Of Cantilever Precast Concrete Walls
- Infill Precast Walls in Skeletal Frame Structure
- Distribution of horizontal loads
- Design classifications of concrete walls
- Design Of Precast Concrete Walls 2 5,1 General
- Design examples Design Example 7: Precast Concrete Column
- Design charts
- Provide shear links for both composite action and shear resistance, whichever is
- At Service
- At Installation stage
- Crack width
- Construction methods and loading considerations
- Beam sections
- Design Of Precast Reinforced Concrete Beams
- Check stresses at installation
- Design charts
- Reinforced concrete planks
- Prestressed concrete planks
- Design Of Precast Concrete Planks •j J 1 General
- Modes of failure and ultimate limit state design
- Total deflection
- Camber and deflection
- Design for serviceability limit state
- Design considerations for hollow core slabs
- COMPONENTS
- Flange Deck Elements
- Chord forces
- Transfer of horizontal forces
- Method of analysis
- Floor Diaphragm Actions
- Horizontal Ties
- Anchorage of ties
- Continuity of ties
- Vertical ties
- Column and wall horizontal ties
- Internal Ties
- Provision of structural ties
- Alternative load paths
- Design and protection of structural members
- Design for progressive collapse
- Structural Integrity And Design For Progressive Collapse
- Shear Wall Behaviour
- Statically indeterminate slab-wall systems
- Resolution Of Longitudinal Force
- Resolution of horizontal forces
- Slab Wall Structures
- Structural systems for horizontal loads
- Precast Concrete Systems
- Load distribution
- Load path description
- Vertical and horizontal loads
- Loadings And Load Tables
- STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS
- Category: Supplementary Cementing Materials
- Alkali-Silica Reaction
- Deicing Salt Scaling Resistance
- Sulfate Resistance
- Freezing and Thawing Resistance
- Carbonation
- Corrosion Resistance
- Durabiliy Properties of Concrete Containing RHA
- Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
- Drying Shrinkage
- Tensile Strength and Modulus of Elasticity
- Compressive Properties
- Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing RHA
- Consistency and Setting Times
- Air-Entrainment
- Fresh Properties of Paste/Concrete Containing RHA
- Pozzolanic Activity
- Chemical Composition
- Particle Size Distribution
- Properties of RHA
- Advantages of Using RHA
- Rice Husk Ash
- Creep and Shrinkage
- Carbonation
- Corrosion Resistance
- Sulfate Resistance
- Hydroxide Ion Diffusion
- Chloride-Ion Dijfusion/Permeability
- Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Metakaolin
- Micro-Hardness
- Bending Strength
- Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus
- Compressive Strength
- Water Absorption and Sorptivity
- Properties of Hardened Mortar/Concrete Containing Metakaolin
- Fresh Properties of Mortar/Concrete Containing Metakaolin
- Effect of Dehydroxylation
- Temperature Effect
- Hydration Reaction
- Mineralogical Composition
- Chemical Composition
- Properties of Metakaolin
- Advantages of Using Metakaolin
- Uses of Metakaolin
- Metakaolin
- Carbonation
- Corrosion Resistance
- Freezing and Thawing Resistance
- Alkali Silica Reaction
- Sulfate Resistance
- Chloride Binding Capacity/Resistance
- Durability Properties of Concrete Containing GGBS
- Tensile and Flexural Strength
- Compressive Strength of Concrete
- Compressive Strength
- Microstructure
- Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing GGBS
- Setting Times
- Workability
- Fresh Properties of Mortar/Paste/Concrete Containing GGBS
- Advantages of Using GGBS
- Specifications of GGBS
- Hydration Reaction
- Reactivity
- Chemical Composition
- Particle Morphology
- Characteristics of GGBS
- Environmental Benefits of Using GGBS
- Storage and Handling of GGBS
- Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
- Alkali-Silica Reaction
- Carbonation
- Sulfate Resistance
- Corrosion
- Freezing and Thawing
- Effect of Silica Fume on the Durability Properties of Concrete
- Shrinkage
- Creep
- Thermal Properties
- Porosity
- Absorption
- Toughness
- Modulus of Elasticity
- Flexural Tensile Strength
- Tensile Strength
- Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Silica Fume Concrete
- Effect of Curing on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
- Compressive Strength of Normal Strength/High-Performance Concrete
- Effect of Silica Fume on the Hardened Properties of Cement/Mortar/Concete
- Workability
- Setting Times
- Consistency
- Effect of Silica Fume on Fresh Properties of Cement/Mortar/Concrete
- Applications of Silica Fume
- Silica Fume Efficiency
- Heat of Hydration
- Pore-size Refinement and Matrix Densification
- Reaction Mechanism
- Chemical Composition
- . Availability and Handling
- Silica Fume
- Abrasion Resistance
- Resistance to Sulfuric Acid
- Sulfate Resistance
- Resistance to Aggressive Chemicals
- Alkali-Silica Reaction
- Freezing and Thawing Resistance
- Corrosion Resistance
- Carbonation
- Gas permeability
- Chloride Permeability
- Water Permeability
- Durability Properties of Concrete made with Fly Ash
- Thermal Conductivity
- Creep
- Shrinkage
- Sorptivity and Porosity
- Elastic Properties
- Tensile Strength Properties
- Effects of Curing Conditions on Compressive Strength
- Effect of Curing Temperature at Early Age on Strength
- Effect of Fly Ash on Properties of Cement Concrete in Hardened State
- Setting Time
- Temperature Rise
- Air Entrainment
- Bleeding and Segregation
- Effect of Fly Ash on the Fresh Properties of Cement Concrete
- Increased Resistance to Sulfate Attack
- Higher Ultimate Strength
- Reduced Heat of Hydration
- Reduced Bleeding and Segregation
- Benefits of Using Fly Ash in Cement/Concrete
- Objectives of Using Fly Ash in Cement/Concrete
- Low Volume Uses
- Uses of Fly Ash in Cement Concrete
- Uses of Fly Ash
- Reaction Mechanism
- Classification of Fly Ash
- Mineralogical Characteristics
- Chemical Composition
- Moisture
- Particle Morphology
- Pozzolanic Activity
- Specific Gravity
- Fineness
- Properties of Fly Ash
- Environmental Benefits of Using Fly Ash
- Fly Ash
- Supplementary Cementing Materials
- Category: Tensile Surface Structures: A. Practical Guide to Cable and. Membrane Construction
- (No Title)
- Summary and outlook
- Measurement of membrane stresses
- Measuring with hydraulic force transducers
- Determination of force in ropes
- Control of the forces in flexible structural elements
- . Application of surface loads
- . Application of load by tilting of shaft-shaped supporting elements
- Application of loads at points
- . Application of loads by tilting the edge beams
- Linear application of edge loads
- Types of pretension application
- Consideration of retensioning equipment
- Tensioning process
- Introduction of loads - pretensioning
- Simultaneous erection of primary structure and membrane
- Lifting large pillows
- Lifting and pulling of loose sheets
- Lifting rolls
- Lifting and pulling of membrane surfaces
- Lifting rope nets
- Lifting and pulling of ropes
- Preassembly of membrane surfaces
- . Folding, transporting and laying out membrane surfaces
- Preassembly of ropes
- Transporting, unrolling and laying out ropes
- Preparation work and preassembly
- Construction
- Erection of arch surfaces
- Erection procedures for membrane structures
- Erection of wire rope construction
- The erection of edge beams
- Segmental erection through underpinning
- Methods of production, delivery and transport
- Type of construction equipment
- Local conditions on the construction site
- Stability conditions in temporary erection states
- Structural types according to form, support and edging
- Erection procedure
- Temporary construction for devices used during erection
- Temporary construction for the stabilisation of the main structure
- . Scaffolding working platforms and temporary construction
- Tensioning devices and aids for membrane sheets
- Wire rope grippers
- . Mechanical tensioning systems
- Strand tensioning devices
- Tensioning equipment for hydraulic presses
- Hydraulic tensioning systems Hydraulic jacks
- Electrical tensioning systems Rope winches, block and tackle
- Tensioning devices and equipment for ropes
- Erection equipment and machinery
- Design detailing for erection practicality
- Construction engineering
- Modelling erection procedures
- Scheduling
- Aims and tasks of construction management
- Construction management
- The contents of the present chapter
- Construction of tensile surface structures
- Corner details
- Details with edges stiff in bending
- Details with flexible edging
- Edge details
- The detailing of edges and their anchorage at corners
- Methods of transferring force at the edge
- Looped and laced joints
- Reusable surface joints
- Glued seams
- Sewn seams
- Welding work on site
- Hot element welding
- Welded seams
- Permanent surface joints
- Cutting out the pieces
- Erection criteria
- Surface curvature - layout of strips - strip shape
- Topological and structural criteria
- Criteria for the patterning
- Compensation, strip layout
- Development
- Fabrication of coated fabrics
- Strength-reducing effects of load, time and temperature
- Kink resistance
- Shear stiffness
- Tear propagation behaviour
- . Strength and stiffness of the seam
- Strength and stiffness of the fabric
- Interaction of the fabric directions
- Anisotropic behaviour
- Elasticity behaviour Non-linear and inelastic behaviour of fabrics
- Mechanical properties
- Material behaviour of coated fabrics
- Foils
- Coating, treating, rolling
- Weaving
- Types of fabric making
- Coated fabrics
- Surface load-bearing elements
- Keders
- Webbing
- Swaged fittings
- End connections
- End-to-end connections
- Rope anchorages
- Corrosion protection of the rope externally
- Corrosion protection of the rope internally
- Corrosion protection of individual wires
- Corrosion protection of ropes
- Cutting ropes to length
- Pre-stretching
- Spinning process and type
- Types of rope
- Wire ropes
- Structural composition and manufacture
- Materials for tensile surface structures
- Ambition, aim and scheme of the book
- The importance of manufacture and erection
- Introduction
- A Practical Guide to Cable and Membrane Construction
- Category: The Alkali-Silica Reaction. in Concrete
- Cement systems
- Revised criteria and standardisation
- Aggregates for new constructions
- Previous assessments
- Types of reactive aggregates in India
- Repairs
- Characterisation of the reaction products
- Rihand Dam and powerhouse structure
- 11.2.1 Hirakud Dam spillway
- Manifestation of the problem
- Alkali-silica reaction — Indian experience
- Some new rapid testing methods for determining alkali-aggregate reactivity in concrete in Japan
- Maintenance of concrete structures damaged by alkali-aggregate reactions
- Prevention of alkali-aggregate reactions in new construction
- Repairs by coating
- Field investigation
- Concrete structures damaged by ASR and their repair
- Influence of cements and chemical admixures on alkali-aggregate reactions
- Effect of mineral admixtures on alkali-aggregate reactions
- Microstructure of reaction products and petrographic studies
- Alkali-silica reaction — Japanese experience
- Concluding comments
- Current investigations and future research
- The economics of cement production in New Zealand
- Cement specifications and Codes of Practice for the control of AAR
- Engineering investigation and remedial measures
- Petrographic examination of concrete
- The use of pozzolans12
- 9.3.7 Concrete tests11
- The results from using ASTM C289 and ASTM C2271
- The use of ASTM C2277
- The use of ASTM C2897
- Petrological examination of aggregates
- Results of field surveys and inspection of structures
- Investigations of materials and structures
- The extent of the potential alkali-aggregate problem
- The distribution and geology of New Zealand aggregates
- The role of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR)
- The role of the Ministry of Works and Development (MWD)
- Cement manufacture and alkali levels
- The factors controlling AAR in New Zealand
- Alkali-aggregate reaction — New Zealand experience
- Methods of counteracting ASR
- New test methods
- Problems encountered with standard test methods
- CSA standard test methods
- Canadian Standards relating to alkali-silica reactivity
- Distribution of reactive aggregates in Canada
- Discussion
- Types and distribution of ASR aggregates
- Historical introduction
- Alkali-silica reaction — Canadian experience
- Future prospects
- Current development
- Protection of ASR-damaged concrete
- Preventive measures
- Field surveys
- Historical background
- Alkali-silica reaction — Icelandic experience
- Experimental results with fly ash and fly ash cement
- Danish Code of Practice for the prevention of ASR
- Alkalis in Danish cement
- Prevention of ASR
- Testing of reaction mechanisms
- Fundamental studies
- Second phase
- 6.1.1 First phase
- Historical introduction
- Alkali-silica reaction — Danish experience
- Concluding remarks
- A more confident future
- Emphasis on survival
- New reassurance: life after ASR
- The prospects of repair
- Monitoring and management
- Assessing structures and the future risks