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• Category: A Brief History of Thermal Insulation
  • Product description
  • Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
  • Compressed-Straw Panels Product description
  • Contoured Foam Underlayment Product description
  • Composite Product description
  • Cellular Glass Product description
  • Phenolic Foam Product description
  • Mineral Fiber Product description
  • Wood Fiber Product description
  • Perlite Board Product description
  • Fire resistance
  • Limitations
  • Environmental considerations
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Polyisocyanurate
  • Polyurethane Product description
  • Cold spots and streaking
  • Installation and applications
  • Fire resistance
  • Environmental considerations
  • Limitations
  • Product description
  • Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)
  • Environmental considerations
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
  • Rigid Board Insulation
  • Installation precautions and limitations
  • Environmental considerations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Tripolymer Foam
  • Phenolic Foam
  • Water-Blown Polyurethane
  • Fire resistance
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Air Krete
  • Standards
  • Fire resistance
  • Health considerations
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Icynene
  • -Place Insulation
  • Health considerations
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Wet-Spray Rock Wool and Slag Wool
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • Fire resistance
  • Limitations
  • Product description
  • Dimensionally Stable Fiberglass
  • Fire resistance
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • The Blow-ln-Blanket System (BIBS)
  • Spray-on Fiberglass
  • Installation precautions and limitations
  • Vapor retarders
  • Installation standards and practices
  • Fire resistance
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • R-value
  • Standards
  • Product description
  • Wet-Spray Cellulose
  • Sprayed-in-Place Insulation
  • Fire resistance
  • Product description
  • Cotton
  • Plastic Fiber Insulation
  • Installation standards and practices
  • Availability
  • Fire resistance
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • Installation standards and practices
  • Fire resistance
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • Limitations
  • Basements
  • Floors and crawl spaces
  • Attics and ceilings
  • Sidewalls
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Fiberglass Batts and Rolls
  • Blanket Insulation: Batts and Rolls
  • Small-Market Products
  • Product description
  • Vermiculite
  • Product description
  • Perlite
  • Installation standards and practices
  • Fire resistance
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • Weight
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Mineral Wool
  • Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
  • Ventilation
  • Minimize dust generation
  • Fire resistance
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Fiberglass
  • Installation precautions and limitations
  • Application procedures
  • Coverage requirements
  • Preparation
  • Installation standards and practices
  • Fire resistance
  • Environmental considerations
  • Health considerations
  • Weight considerations
  • Limitations
  • R-value
  • Product description
  • Standards
  • Cellulose Loose-Fill Insulation
  • Health considerations
  • Safety guidelines
  • Fluffing
  • Voids and gaps
  • Moisture resistance
  • Settling
  • Convective heat loss
  • Weight
  • General Description
  • Loose-Fill Insulation
  • U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
  • American Society for Testing and Materials
  • Federal Trade Commission
  • Home Energy Rating System Council Guidelines
  • Miscellaneous Building Codes
  • Model Energy Code compliance assistance
  • International Energy Conservation Code
  • The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
  • Building Codes, Associated Standards, and Regulations
  • Attics
  • Ceilings
  • Floors
  • Walls
  • Slab-on-grade foundations
  • Basement Walls
  • Foundations
  • Locations
  • Insulation Applications and Comparisons
  • Installation
  • Product description
  • Air Barrier/Retarder
  • Vapor retarder installation guidelines
  • Vapor retarder locations in the home
  • Placement within the wall, floor, or ceiling assembly
  • Product types
  • Perm ratings
  • History of Vapor Retarders
  • Moisture problems
  • Dew point
  • Relative humidity
  • Water vapor/moisture migration
  • Vapor Retarders
  • Vapor and Air Retarders
  • Whole-Wall System
  • Density
  • Thickness
  • Temperature
  • R-value
  • U-value
  • Heat Flow
  • Radiation
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Insulation Fundamentals and Principles
  • ASHRAE Standard 55
  • Humidity
  • Thermoregulation
  • Thermal Comfort
  • A Brief History of Thermal Insulation
• Category: Adhesives: 4th Volume
  • Joint Geometry
  • Statistical Interpretation of Data Obtained on Specimen A
  • How Much Additional Testing Should Occur After Initial Sampling?
  • How to Take the Sample
  • Where Should Sampling Occur?
  • Field Use and Statistical Sampling
  • Description of Controlled Calibrated Constant-Pressure Device
  • Nondestructive Field Testing of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints—Questions and Answers
  • Uniformity of Deterioration and Virtual Human Visual Evaluation
  • Visual Color (Tonal) Change
  • Overall Surface Texture Change
  • Results and Discussion
  • Image Capturing and Analysis
  • Visual Rating of Weathered Sealant Samples
  • Optical hnaging/lmage Analysis System
  • Change of Color
  • Definition and Description of Aesthetic Surface Changes
  • Use of Optical Imaging/lmage Analysis System for the Quantitative Analysis of Surface Changes Induced by Outdoor Weathering on Sealants
  • Example of accumulation damage level calculation in a sealed joint
  • Evaluation of Sealed Joint Performance Using Miner’s Rule
  • Process of Design Method Providing Optimal Sealed Joint Performance
  • Fatigue Resistance at the Intersection of Sealed Joints
  • Fatigue Resistance of Sealant at the Linear Section of Sealed Joints
  • Fatigue Resistance of Sealed Joints to Relative Story Displacement
  • Number of Cyclic Movements at Sealed Joints Relative to Story Displacement
  • Performance Evaluation Factors
  • Factors Considered in Joint Design Method
  • Proposed Design and Method for Providing Sealed Joint Performance under Relative Story Displacement
  • Conclusions and Future Activities
  • Accelerated Exposure
  • Exposure Conditions
  • Sealants Tested
  • Preliminary Outdoor Exposure Experiment
  • Evaluation of Degradation for Tested Sealants
  • Study of Weatherability of Construction Sealants with Novel Testing Method
  • Develop a water absorption test suitable for both cold and hot liquid-applied materials standards. Bentonite
  • Constructability
  • General
  • Conclusions
  • Findings
  • Procedures
  • Testing Water Absorption in Cold Liquid-Applied Waterproofing: An Exploratory Study
  • Findings
  • Procedures
  • Testing Initial Leakage Resistance of Bentonite Waterproofing: An Exploratory Study
  • Durability—Resistance to Water Absorption
  • Durability—Resistance to Damage from Substrate Cracking/Movement
  • Constructability—Resistance to the Effects of Weather During Construction
  • Constructability—Penetration Resistance and Toughness
  • Impermeability—Water Vapor Resistance
  • Impermeability—Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance
  • Essential Requirements for Waterproofing
  • Additional Types of Waterproofing Not Addressed in this Paper
  • Single-Ply Waterproofing Membranes
  • Hot Liquid-Applied Membrane
  • Cold Liquid-Applied Membrane
  • Types of Waterproofing Materials and Their Standards
  • Application of Waterproofing in Building Construction
  • Standards Development for Impermeable, Constructible, and Durable Waterproofing
  • Future Work
  • Summary
  • Results and Discussion
  • Test Method Description
  • Test Method Intent
  • Development of a Practical Method to Evaluate the Fatigue Properties of Structural Silicone Glazing Adhesives
  • Discussion of Air Leakage Performance
  • Discussion of Glass Performance at Various Drift Levels
  • Discussion of General Response of Tested Mockups
  • Experimental Program
  • Seismic Performance of Two-Side Structural Silicone Glazing Systems
  • Other Features
  • Hydrophobic Contamination
  • UV Resistance of Adhesion Interface on SCG
  • Resistance to UV Exposure Through Float Glass
  • A Possible New Application—A Sealant for Self-Cleaning Glass
  • Adhesion Properties—A Comparison of Commercial Sealant Properties
  • Surface Weatherability
  • Mechanical Properties—A Comparison of Commercial Sealant Properties
  • Advantages of Silyl-Terminated Polyacrylate (NTP) Sealant
  • Basic Chemistry
  • New Durable Sealant of Telechelic Polyacrylate
  • Where is the Limit?
  • Accelerated Weathering Tests and Their Correlation
  • Weathering Requirements
  • Conclusions
  • Influence of the Catalyst
  • Influence of Stabilizers
  • Influence of the Plasticizer
  • Influence of Titanium Dioxide
  • Influence of the Binder
  • Raw Material Influences on Weatherability
  • Formulating High Weatherability Sealants: Possibilities and Challenges
  • Discussions and Summary
  • Reducing Tin and Aminosilane Concentration in Silicone Elastomeric Coating to Improve Its Durability
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Results and Discussion
  • FEA Calculations
  • Characterization of Material Properties
  • Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Evaluation
  • Quantification of Differential Thermal Movement in Insulating Glass Edge Seals Using Finite Element Analysis
  • Conclusions
  • Discussion
  • Procedure
  • Reducing Modulus of Sealants to Improve Durability
  • Closure
  • Development of New Test Methods and Performance Based Specifications
  • Overview
  • Summary and Observations
  • Special Case Studies
  • Case Study of Interstory Drift on a Typical Building in Chile
  • Structural and Seismic Review
  • Limitations on Base Shear Stress
  • Response Modification Factor
  • Building Rigidity and Interstory Drift
  • Energy Release and Earthquake Characteristics
  • Mega-Earthquake
  • Actual SSG System Performance Post-Quake
  • Shear Strain Imposed into the Structural Silicone
  • Resistance to Tear Propagation
  • Relatively High Strain Rate Behavior of Structural Silicone Sealants
  • Structural Silicone Considerations: Mechanical Properties
  • SSG Design Considerations
  • A Review of the Behavior of Structural Silicone Glazing Systems Subjected to a Mega-Earthquake
  • Discussion of the AAMA Test Protocol and Test Results
  • Discussion of Glazing System Design for Wind and Seismic Loads
  • Discussion of the Finite-Element Modeling and Analysis
  • Structural Sealant Glazing Testing and Results for Seismic Work
  • Description of the Building and the Curtain-Wall System
  • Background
  • Evaluation of the Structural Sealant for Use in a Four-Sided Structural Sealant Glazing Curtain-Wall System for a Hospital Building
  • Comparison of Racking Test versus FE Results
  • Discussion of the Racking Test Results
  • Field-emission Microscopy Modeling Overview
  • Sealant Durability/Stress-Strain Graphs
  • Mock-up Construction/Testing Configurations
  • Research Program
  • Background
  • Seismic Racking Test Evaluation of Silicone Used in a Four-Sided Structural Sealant Glazed Curtain Wall System
  • Design and Construction Considerations
  • Moisture in the Roofing Assembly
  • Summary of Hygrothermal Analyses Associated with Case Studies
  • Case 3: EPDM Roofing Membrane Installation
  • Case 2: CSPE Roofing Membrane Installation
  • Case 1: TPO Roofing Membrane Installation
  • Summary of Common Defects with Foamed Adhesive Application and Rigid Insulation Installation (as Previously Reported)
  • Case Studies of Adhesive and Rigid Insulation Board Failures due to Moisture in Low Sloped Roofing Assemblies
  • Recommendations
  • Case Study No. 2: Hospital
  • Case Studies No. 1: Office Building
  • Adhesive Chemistry and Moisture in Concrete Floors
  • Flooring Industry Changes
  • Moisture Sensitive Adhesives and Flooring Adhesive Failures
  • Characterization
  • Materials
  • A Test Method for Monitoring Modulus Changes during Durability Tests on Building Joint Sealants
  • Summary and Outlook
  • Proposed Approach for the Exploration of System Capability and Durability
  • Characterization of Fatigue and Aging Effects
  • Characterization of Other Technological Properties by DMA
  • Results of Dynamic-Mechanical Material Analysis
  • Approach Toward a Performance-Related Material Identification and Deduction of Mechanical Characteristics by DMA Methods
  • Potential of Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis Toward a Complementary Material and System Testing Approach for Structural Glazing
  • ALC Panel Joint Movement
  • Discussion
  • Test Results
  • Test Specimen and Test Method
  • Tensile Test and Shear Test
  • Evaluation of Sealed Joint Performance for the Selection of Sealants Suitable for Use in Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete Panels
  • Discussion
  • Salt Spray
  • Accelerated Weathering Test—Cohesion/Adhesion Properties After Exposure to Artificial Light Through Glass and Water
  • Results
  • Experiment
  • SSG in Korea
  • Weathering Evaluation of Structural Silicone Sealants Used in Korea
  • Summary Conclusions for Successful Usage of ASTM C 1736
  • Question 2: How Does Joint Geometry Impact Bond-Line Stress?
  • Review of Some of the Questions Examined during Development of ASTM C 1736
  • Case Study Illustrating the Benefits of ASTM C 1736
  • Introduction to ASTM C 1736
  • Early Use of Rolling Devices in Continuous Sealed Joint Inspection
  • ASTM Standard Practice ASTM C 1521 and Its Limitations
  • Rationale for Joint Seal Continuity Evaluation
  • Development of a Non-Destructive Evaluation Practice of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints Using a Rolling Device—An Introduction to ASTM C 1736
  • Determination of Acceleration Factor
  • Quantification of Surface Degradation
  • Weathering and Forced Movement Exposure
  • Sealants
  • Test Specimens
  • Attempt at Quantification of Surface Degradation and Evaluation of Relationship between Outdoor and Accelerated Exposure of Construction Sealants
  • Adhesion on Substrates Used in the Building Industry
  • Adhesion on Low E Coated Glass
  • Adhesion Durability
  • Adhesion Buildup
  • Ways of Improving the Interfacial Durability of Silicone Adhesives in Building Applications
  • Results and Discussion
  • Temperature and Pressure Influence in Blister Growth
  • Closed-Form Solution for Viscoelastic Creep
  • Relaxation Modulus Determination
  • Power-Law Analytical Form of Interconversion
  • Master Curve Representation
  • Data Reduction
  • Creep-Compliance Test
  • Viscoelastic Material Characterization
  • Test Development
  • Finite-Element Model: Geometry and Loading
  • Thick-Plate Theory
  • Objectives
  • Reasons for Blister Formation
  • Elements of a Bridge-Deck System
  • Mechanisms of Asphalt Blistering on Concrete Bridges
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Stress Distributions in the Adhesive within the Corner Zone
  • Structural Sealang Glazing Parameter Studies with a Focus on the Structural Sealant Bond
  • Structural Sealant Glazing Parameter Studies with a Focus on Glass Components
  • Numerical Finite Element Models for the SSG Parameter Study
  • Simplified Treatment of Bond Loading: Case Study ETAG 002
  • Simply Supported Rectangular Glass Units
  • Glass Unit Corner Loading—Key Parameter in Durability
  • Adhesive Imperfections and Fracture Behavior
  • Cyclic Tensile Loading of Point Supports
  • Incomplete Mixing Procedures
  • Varying Mixing Ratios
  • Nomenclature
  • Mechanical Characteristics of Degraded Silicone Bonded Point Supports
  • Results and Discussion
  • Test Methods
  • Materials
  • Substrate Preparation and Treatment Methods
  • Enhancement of Adhesion of Silicone Adhesives through Surface-Grafted Molecular Brushes
  • Surface-Grafted Connector Molecules Chemically Bonded to an Adjacent Adhesive
  • Improved Adhesion of Elastomeric Silicone Adhesives through Surface-Grafted Connector Molecules
  • Elastomeric Silicone Adhesives
  • The Mechanism of Adhesion Improvement of Elastomeric Silicone Sealants to Difficult-to-Bond Polymeric Substrates through Reactive or Interpenetrating Molecular Brushes
  • Future Work
  • Limitations
  • Conclusions
  • Results
  • Determination of Small Unit Displacements
  • Sources of Error and Modeling Inaccuracies
  • Validation of Models
  • Analysis of the Full-Scale Unit Model
  • Full-Scale Unit Modeling
  • ASTM E2188-10 Test Procedure: Expectations
  • Argon-Testing Procedure
  • Weathering Test Procedure
  • Insulating-Glass Make-up
  • Design of Test Apparatus
  • Small-Unit Durability Testing
  • Full-Scale Test Procedure
  • Curtain-Wall Frame
  • Full-Scale Testing
  • Scope of Research
  • Past Experience
  • History and Reasons for Research
  • Durability of Cold-Bent Insulating-Glass Units
  • Interaction of Environmental Variables
  • The Worst Factor for Modulus Decrease
  • Effect of UV
  • Effect of Cyclic Movement
  • Effect of Temperature
  • Block Plots
  • ANOVA
  • Dex Plots
  • Data Analysis
  • Stress Relaxation Behavior
  • Results and Discussion
  • Exposure Conditions and Characterization
  • Materials and Specimen Preparation
  • A Systematic Approach to the Study of Accelerated Weathering of Building Joint Sealants
  • Numerical Simulation
  • Results
  • Specimen Preparation
  • Experiments to Establish Adhesive Strength and Load-Bearing Capacity
  • Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
  • Tensile Tests on the Materials
  • Adhesives
  • Preliminary Study to Select Adhesive
  • Glass Corridor for Law Courts
  • Previous Work
  • Bonded Glass Frames
  • Outline of Testing and Evaluation Program Used in Selection of Adhesives for Transparent Adhesive Joints in All-Glass Load-Bearing Structures
  • Outlook
  • Bonded Photovoltaic System Facade
  • Photovoltaic Modules Fixed with a Linear Adhesive Joint
  • Glass in Solar Technology
  • Hybrid Facade
  • Glass in Building
  • Torsion Test
  • Determining the Parameters of Adhesives
  • Specification
  • Adhesives for Structural Applications
  • Innovations Through Adhesives
  • Structural Sealant Glazing
  • State of the Art
  • Connections for Glass Components
  • Gluing—A Method of Jointing Ideal for Glass
  • Adhesive Joints in Glass and Solar Engineering
  • Calculation of Sealant Shear Stress and Rotation Caused by Torsion Momentum M
  • Calculation of Sealant Tension Stress and Elongation Caused by Loads Q and F
  • APPENDIX: STRUCTURAL CIRCULAR POINT CALCULATION
  • Hyperelastic Modeling
  • Stress Whitening and Dynamic Design Load
  • Cantilever Pull-Off Test and Static Design Load
  • Tensile and Shear Creep Rupture Tests and Static Design Load
  • Preliminary Evaluation of the TSSA Film Adhesive With the Aim of Developing Static and Dynamic Design Stress Values
  • Durability of Bonded Stainless Steel Button Point Fixing on Glass
  • Mechanical Properties
  • General Properties
  • Properties of the High-Strength Structural Silicone Film Adhesive (TSSA)
  • Preliminary Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive (TSSA) for Point Fixing in Glazing
  • Results and Discussion
  • Experiment
  • In Situ Measurement of Compression Set in Building Sealants During Outdoor Aging
  • Conclusions
  • Results ofOutdoor Exposure Tests
  • Results of Investigation
  • Degradation of Sealed Joints Installed on Panels of an ALC-Clad Building
  • Durability of Acrylic Sealants Applied to Joints of Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete Walls: Evaluation of Exposure Testing
  • Summary and Future Prospects
  • FE Modeling
  • Modeling and Design
  • Large-Scale Component Tests
  • Small-Scale Component Tests
  • Determination of Mechanical Values of the Adhesives
  • Adhesive Selection
  • Surfaces and Materials
  • Requirements for the Adhesive Joint
  • Systematic Approach and Design Procedure
  • Characterization of Adhesive Joints for Hybrid Steel-Glass Beams by Means of Simplified Small Scale Tests
  • Shear Strain Profiles
  • Discussion and Analysis
  • Tension Pull-out Tests
  • Experimental Results
  • Double-Lap Shear Test Specimens
  • Test Specimens
  • Epoxy Adhesives
  • Ultra-High-Performance - Concrete (UHPC)
  • Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)
  • Bond Strength Between Cast-in-Place Ultra-High-Performance - Concrete and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Plates Using Epoxy Bonded Coarse Silica Sand
  • The Future of C1736 and the Industry
  • Implications of the Use of This Practice
  • Panel Discussion
  • A Panel Discussion: ASTM Introduces C1736 Standard Practice for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Adhesion of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints Using a Rolling Device
  • Closure
  • Performance under Seismic Loads
  • Field Experience with Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixing
  • Development of New Test Methods and Performance-Based Specifications
  • Factors Influencing the Durability of Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixing
  • Overview of Papers
  • Overview
  • Choosing Wisdom over Intelligence
  • Choosing Energy Effectiveness Rather than Efficiency
  • Design Choices Involving Sealants and Adhesives in Building Construction and Their Impact on our Environmental Footprint
  • 21st Century Potential for Positive Change - Contributions by Sealants and Adhesives
  • Impact of Buildings on the Environment and the Way Forward
  • Preface
• Category: Advances in. Engineering Structures,. Mechanics &. Construction
  • Mechanical Characterization of HPC with Limestone Filler
  • Main Structural Material Performances for New High-Rise Buildings
  • COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY FOR HSC BEST PERFORMANCE IN. EXTENSIVE APPLICATIONS OF LANDMARK WORKS IN ITALY
  • Air Samples
  • Results and Discussion
  • Testing Procedures
  • Treatment
  • The Building
  • Antimicrobial Agent - Triclosan
  • The Need for Added Protection
  • Environmental Surfaces
  • Evidence of Supplementary Protection
  • Additional Factors
  • Resistive Strain Organisms
  • Nosocomial Infections
  • ANTIMICROBIAL TREATED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND AIR FILTERS. REDUCE FACILITY BIOBURDEN AND IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN. A HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT
  • Optimization for Bridge Network Maintenance Planning
  • Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Process
  • Dynamic Programming for Individual Bridge Maintenance Planning
  • Bridge Maintenance Alternatives and Associated Cost
  • Highly orthotropic slab
  • Safety of the strip method
  • Practical design example
  • Arrivals and Departures
  • Lower Bound Techniques - The Low Road
  • Upper Bound Techniques - The High Road
  • COLLAPSE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS: ARE THE UP AND DOWN ROADS ONE AND THE SAME?
  • Energy Absorption of Rubber-Rolled Pin
  • Load Mitigation Effect of Rubber-Rolled Pin
  • Impact Loading Test of Rubber-Rolled Pin
  • Application to New Bridge Restrainer System
  • Weight Dropping Impact Test
  • Rapid Speed Loading Test
  • Static Compression Test
  • Effect of Laminated Fiber Reinforced Rubber (LFRR) as Shock Absorber
  • DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BRIDGE RESTRAINER USING LAMINATED FIBER REINFORCED RUBBER
  • Behaviour of the T-Beam at Temperature Changes
  • Static Carrying Behaviour of a T-Beam
  • Investigation on the Adhesive
  • Idea
  • State of Research
  • GLASS-PLASTIC HYBRID CONSTRUCTION
  • Example Application
  • GIS Support
  • Distributed Scheduling Model
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • BETTER VISUALIZATION FOR MULTIPLE-SITE INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAMS USING GIS
  • Comparison with other international Market
  • Risk Responses Methods for the Most Critical Risks
  • Analysis of Results
  • Statistical analysis
  • Questionnaire Administration
  • Questionnaire Development
  • Research Methodology
  • Literature Review of Similar Studies
  • Risk Management Process
  • COUNTRIES
  • An Example of Model Production
  • Identifying Freeform Construction Applications
  • Constructing from Digital Models
  • Additive Processes
  • Issues for the Construction Industry
  • FREEFORM CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION RESEARCH
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • Destructive Verification through Core Samples
  • Ground Penetrating Radar Technology
  • Evolution of In-Pipe Ground Penetrating Radar
  • Inspection Results
  • Sewer Inspection Methodology
  • IN-PIPE GROUND PENETRATING RADAR FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE. EVALUATION OF PVC LINED CONCRETE PIPE
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Numerical Example
  • Multivariate Vector
  • Approximation for Joint PDFs
  • TIME-VARIANT RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR SERIES SYSTEMS. WITH LOG-NORMAL VECTOR RESPONSE
  • Numerical Examples
  • RV Model for Condition Based Maintenance
  • Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) Policy
  • Comparison of Lifetime Distributions
  • Comparison of RV and GP Models
  • Gamma Process (GP) Deterioration Model
  • Models of Deterioration
  • A COMPARISON OF PROBABILISTIC MODELS OF DETERIORATION FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF STRUCTURES
  • Illustrative Example
  • Decision-Making under Multiple and Conflicting Objectives
  • Overview of Multi-objective Optimization Approach
  • Multi-objective Maintenance Optimization of Aging Bridge Decks
  • Bogdanoff’s Cumulative Damage Model
  • Condition Assessment Model
  • Predicting Deterioration of Bridge Decks Using BogdanofPs Cumulative Damage Model
  • Methodology for Risk-Based Maintenance Optimization
  • RISK-BASED MAINTENANCE OPTIMIZATION OF AGING. HIGHWAY BRIDGE DECKS
  • Use of empirical equations in estimating reliabilities
  • Results for elastocplastic systems
  • Statistics, ratios and inelastic displacement
  • RELIABILITY OF BILINEAR SDOF SYSTEMS SUBJECTED. TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING
  • Conclusions
  • Reliability Analysis for Selected Bridges
  • Bridge (system) resistance
  • Girder resistance
  • Bridge Resistance Models
  • Bridge Load Models
  • Structural Reliability Analysis and Limit State Functions
  • Structural Analysis Model
  • SYSTEM RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES
  • Constraints
  • Damage Detection Problem
  • Scale factor
  • Linking
  • Side Constraints
  • Optimization
  • Why use optimization?
  • Frame Assembly
  • Theory Damage Detection
  • DAMAGE DETECTION USING STATIC RESPONSE DATA AND OPTIMALITY
  • Sparse Compliant Mechanism Design Problem
  • Circular Domain Stability Design Problem
  • Stability Design of Sparse Structure under Fixed-Fixed End Conditions
  • Analysis Problem Size Reduction Technique
  • Structural Performance Measures
  • Structural Analysis
  • Constitutive Mixing Rules
  • Problem Formulations
  • STRATEGIES FOR COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN CONTINUUM STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION
  • Linear Frames - A Particular Case
  • Optimization Scheme
  • Equations of motion
  • Problem Formulation
  • GRADIENT BASED OPTIMIZATION OF ADDED VISCOUS. DAMPING IN SEISMIC APPLICATIONS
  • Introducing the Optimization of Batter
  • Optimization of a 2-D Pile Foundation, Optimizing Only Pile Size
  • Example
  • Optimization of Weightless Design Variables
  • Optimality Criteria Method
  • OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
  • Final Remarks
  • Explicit and Implicit Optimization
  • Expanding Area of Application
  • Dual View of Mechanics
  • Structural Optimization
  • Application on the Stability of a Viscoelastic System
  • Estimation of the Expectation through the Logarithm of Norm
  • ON THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF. MOMENT LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS
  • Features of Nonlinear Response
  • Details of Static Nonlinear Analysis
  • Buckling and Delamination
  • Geometry, Materials and Boundary Conditions
  • Response of sandwich columns under compression
  • Performance of the UMAT model
  • Selection of Parameters: General
  • Calibration and evaluation of performance of the models using a test case
  • UEL Model
  • Cohesive Layer Models
  • A STUDY OF QUASI-STATIC DELAMINATION IN SANDWICH STRUCTURES
  • Method of Analysis
  • Logistics Processes and Variables
  • ASSESSING ALTERNATIVE PREFABRICATION METHODS:. LOGISTICAL INFLUENCES
  • The Application of the IVCGA to Conceptual Building Design
  • Examples of Interactive and Visualisation Systems for Engineering Design
  • Closing Comments
  • Visualising Evolutionary Computation
  • Interactive Evolutionary Computation
  • Visual and Interactive Evolutionary Systems
  • INTERACTIVE VISUALISATION SYSTEMS FOR CONCEPTUAL. BUILDING DESIGN: A PRACTICAL APPROACH
  • The Effects of Through-Thickness Texture Gradients
  • Numerical Simulations
  • Parallel Computing
  • Constitutive Model
  • HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF MICROSTRUCTURAL. PHENOMENA IN POLYCRYSTALLINE METALS
  • Implementation of the Proposed Approach
  • Determine Structural Element Geometry and Topology
  • Select and Position Structural Assemblies
  • Select Structural Subsystems
  • Knowledge-Based Exploration of Structural Alternatives
  • Interactive Knowledge-Based Support for Conceptual Structural Design
  • Literature Review
  • INTERACTIVE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ASSISTANCE. FOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
  • A Linear Conservative Gyroscopic System
  • The Pfluger Column
  • SYMMETRIZATION OF SOME LINEAR CONSERVATIVE. NONSELF-ADJOINT SYSTEMS
  • Numerical Example
  • Improved Basis Vectors
  • Efficient Finite-Difference Derivatives
  • Derivatives of the Eigenpairs
  • Problem Formulation
  • Applications
  • Validation
  • The Asymptotically-Correct Stiffness Matrix
  • The Variational Asymptotic Method
  • ASYMPTOTICALLY-CORRECT STRUCTURAL MODELLING OF. THIN-WALLED ANISOTROPIC CLOSED CROSS-SECTION. ROTATING SLENDER BEAMS
  • Summary and conclusions
  • Illustrative numerical examples
  • Hypercube point concentration sampling
  • Rosenblueth’s point estimate method
  • Background and discussions
  • Numerical Results
  • Galerkin Solution
  • Plates on Random Elastic Foundation
  • Galerkin Method
  • Stochastic Algebraic Equations
  • GALERKIN METHOD FOR STOCHASTIC ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS. AND PLATES ON RANDOM ELASTIC FOUNDATION
  • Prediction of Stress-Strain Curves for the Three Types of Laminates
  • Application Examples
  • Post-Damage Constitutive Model Based on the Concept of Smeared Crack
  • Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Epoxy Polymers
  • Unified Periodic Boundary Conditions
  • MICRO/MESO-ANALYSIS OF POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH DAMAGE EVOLUTION
  • Results and Discussion
  • Crack Geometry
  • Stresses in Plastic Zone
  • Stress and Strain Field around Crack
  • Background
  • CRACK INDUCED STRESS FIELD IN AN ELASTIC-PLASTIC PLATE
  • Conclusions
  • Results
  • Experimental methodology
  • Background
  • RELATIVE NDT EVALUATION OF THE SIDE WALLS OF A BRICK CHANNEL
  • Reliability Investigation of a Shell Structure
  • Linear Stability Analysis
  • Dynamic Stability Analysis
  • Numerical Example: Plate Structure
  • Random Fields Conditional on Dynamic Measurements
  • Perturbation Approach
  • Stochastic Finite Element Formulation
  • Random Fields
  • APPLICATIONS OF RANDOM FIELD MODELS. IN STOCHASTIC STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
  • Discussion and Conclusions
  • 3D Simulations
  • 2D Simulations
  • Feature Grid for Correlating Data
  • Determining embryo layer thickness
  • Geometric Data
  • Constitutive Model
  • THE MECHANICS OF EARLY EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT:. INSIGHTS FROM FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
  • Numerical Results (Macro-mechanical Approach)
  • Nonlinear Viscoelastic Modelling
  • Macro-mechanical Creep Response of Polyethylene
  • Constitutive Micro-modelling
  • Structure of Polyethylene
  • MICRO - AND MACRO-MECHANICAL APPROACHES FOR. MODELLING OF POLYETHYLENE MATERIAL FOR PIPES
  • Multi-Objective Control of an Active Tensegrity Structure
  • Results
  • Methodology
  • LEARNING, SELF-DIAGNOSIS AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE CONTROL OF AN ACTIVE TENSEGRITY STRUCTURE
  • Design Suggestions
  • The Influence of Screw Spacing on the Shear Resistance of Walls
  • The Influence of Height of Wall on the Shear Resistance of Walls
  • The Influence of Studs Spacing on the Shear Resistance of Walls
  • The Influence of Steel Strength on the Shear Resistance of Walls
  • Calculation Parameter Analysis of Cold-Formed Steel Stud Walls
  • Analysis of Specimens
  • Finite Element Analysis
  • Analysis of Test Results
  • Load Process and Failure Characteristics of Specimens
  • Test Apparatus
  • Test Program
  • STUDY ON SHEAR RESISTANCE OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STUD. WALLS IN RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE
  • The Impact of Corner Radii
  • Modified Constrained FSM
  • Constrained FSM Model
  • Conventional FSM Model
  • Classical Flexural-Torsional Buckling Beam Model
  • Discussion of Global Modes
  • Mode Contribution Calculation
  • Applications for the Constrained Finite Strip Method Pure Mode Calculation
  • Constraint Matrix
  • Modal Decomposition and the Constrained Finite Strip Method
  • Mode Definitions
  • Definition of Buckling Mode Classes General
  • Member Stability Solutions by the Finite Strip Method
  • Results comparison between analytical and experimental investigations
  • Evaluation of the Ultimate Lateral Strength of SWP
  • DETERMINATION OF THE LATERAL STRENGTH OF SHEAR WALL PANELS. WITH COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMES
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Web Shear Capacity
  • Flexure Capacity of Compression Chord
  • Clinch Requirements
  • Experimental Study
  • I-Shaped Joist Attributes
  • INNOVATIVE COLD-FORMED STEEL I-JOIST
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • Simplified Deflection Model
  • Comparison of Predicted and Tested Shear Wall Capacity
  • Simplified Strength Model
  • Analytical Method
  • Sheathing Connection Test Program
  • Shear Wall Test Program
  • Objective and Scope
  • ANALYTICAL PREDICTIONS OF STRENGTH AND DEFLECTION OF LIGHT GAUGE. STEEL FRAME / WOOD PANEL SHEAR WALLS
  • Example 2
  • Numerical Examples
  • Method of Analysis
  • The Hysteretic Model
  • Yield Penetration Model
  • Spread Plasticity Model
  • Column Element
  • Beam Element
  • Element Modeling
  • Material Properties
  • “PLASTIQUE” - A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR 3D INELASTIC ANALYSIS OF
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Numerical Analyses
  • Ductility Demand Distribution Patterns
  • Story Plastic Mechanism Models
  • Ductility Demand Models
  • Design Displacement Spectrum
  • Displacement Based Design of Steel Frames
  • STORY BASED DUCTILITY MODELS FOR DISPLACEMENT BASED. DESIGN OF STEEL FRAMES
  • Structural Analysis Results
  • Geometry Survey
  • Field Investigation Results
  • Column Cracking
  • Load Cases
  • Loads
  • Post-tensioning Effects
  • Structural System
  • Nondestructive Testing
  • Invasive Probing and Visual Observations
  • Geometry Survey
  • Field Evaluation Procedures
  • EVALUATION OF A FORTY-YEAR OLD T. Y. LIN DESIGNED. ELLIPTICAL POST-TENSIONED CABLE-SUPPORTED ROOF
  • Nonlinear Analysis with Tri-linear M-Y Curve
  • Elastic-Plastic Connections with Limited Capacity in both directions
  • Elastic-Plastic Connections with Limited Capacity of Positive Moment
  • Elastic-Plastic Connections with Limited Capacity of Negative Moment
  • Formulation of the Solution Procedure
  • A NEW METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES INCLUDING. NONLINEAR SEMIRIGID CONNECTIONS
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Portal Frame Example
  • Structural Analysis
  • Over-strength connections: Mp < Mu
  • Intermediate-strength connections: My <Mu <Mp
  • Under-strength connections: Mu < My
  • Characteristics of Compound Rotational Element
  • Degradation Factors
  • Series Element Model
  • Rotational Compound Element
  • INELASTIC ANALYSIS OF SEMIRIGID FRAMEWORKS
  • Formal Optimization Methodology
  • Stage 1: Selection of the “active” ground motion
  • Design Methodology
  • Fully Stressed Design
  • Nonlinear Shear Frames
  • Linear Elastic Frames
  • Problem Formulation
  • FULLY STRESSED SEISMIC DESIGN OF. DAMPERS IN FRAMED STRUCTURES
  • Mechanical Properties of Bolt
  • Height of Beam Section
  • Gage Distance from Angle Heel to Centerline of Bolt Hole
  • Angle Thickness
  • Bolt Diameter
  • Influence of Bolt Pretension on Prying Force and Connection Behavior
  • Distribution of Forces in Tension Bolt
  • Stress-Deformation Behavior of Connection
  • An Applicability of Proposed FE Analysis Method and Power Model
  • Analytical Procedure
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Geometry of Connection Models
  • ELASTO-PLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PRYING OF TOP-. AND SEAT-ANGLE CONNECTIONS
  • Length of Evolutionary Processes
  • Optimal Type of Evolutionary Algorithm
  • Optimal Generational Model
  • Optimal Parent and Offspring Population Sizes
  • Optimal Rates of Mutation and Crossover Operators
  • Evolutionary Computation Parameters
  • Design Representations
  • Experimental Design
  • Memetic Algorithms
  • EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF MEMETIC ALGORITHMS FOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF. STEEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN TALL BUILDINGS
  • Example 1: A Simply-Supported Beam
  • Analysis Procedures
  • Computation of Parameter
  • Adaptive Gradual Plastic-Hinge Model
  • Inelastic Beam-Column Model
  • SPREAD OF PLASTICITY: AN ADAPTIVE GRADUAL PLASTIC-HINGE. APPROACH FOR STEEL FRAMES
  • Results
  • Loading History
  • Test Rig
  • Results of the Cyclic Loading
  • Cyclic Loading onAISI304 016 (Al/l = 1%)
  • Results of the Monotonic Tensile Loading Test
  • Tensile Tests under Monotonic Loading on AISI304 016
  • Process Route
  • STAINLESS STEEL REBAR FOR SEISMIC APPLICATIONS
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Ineffective Interior Column
  • Membrane Action in Concrete Floor Systems
  • QUANTIFYING INHERENT ROBUSTNESS. IN STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS
  • Effect of Number of CFRP Layers
  • Verification of Model and Parametric Study
  • Failure Criteria
  • Effective Moment of Inertia (If
  • Lateral Displacement
  • Force Equilibrium and Moments
  • Meshing System
  • Residual Stresses in HSS Section
  • Summary of Experimental Investigation
  • MODELING OF AXIALLY LOADED HSS SLENDER STEEL. MEMBERS RETROFITTED WITH COMPOSITES
  • Design Guidelines
  • Findings of the Shear-lag Study
  • Findings of the Fatigue Study
  • Experimental Results
  • Experimental Program
  • HM CFRP Strengthening System
  • FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW HIGH MODULUS CFRP MATERIALS. FOR STRENGTHENING STEEL BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES
  • Example 1: Continuous addition of diagonal braces to a 40-story 3-bay framework
  • Illustrative examples
  • Overall design procedure
  • Local OC search operator
  • Hybrid OC-GA Method
  • EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION OF BRACED STEEL FRAMEWORKS. FOR TALL BUILDINGS USING A HYBRID OC-GA METHOD
  • Conclusion and Future Developments
  • Post-Buckling
  • Vibration
  • Buckling
  • Illustrative Examples
  • Numerical Implementation
  • Post-Buckling Analysis
  • Vibration Analysis
  • Material Behaviour
  • Cross-Section Shape
  • Buckling Analysis
  • Recent Developments
  • Conventional GBT
  • GBT-BASED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THIN-WALLED MEMBERS:. OVERVIEW, RECENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Results
  • Experimental Materials and Methods
  • COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING OF EARTHEN PLASTERS. FOR STRAW BALE WALL APPLICATION
  • Analytical Modeling
  • Effects of FRP Repair on Fatigue Strength
  • Effects of FRP Repair on Static Strength
  • Bond Strength
  • FRP REPAIR OF CORROSION-DAMAGED CONCRETE BEAMS -. WATERLOO EXPERIENCE
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Proportion of Shear Carried in Compression Zone
  • A Comparison of Methods
  • Experimental Results
  • Experimental Program
  • A Modern Method of Shear Design
  • Aggregate Effects
  • One-Way Slabs
  • The Size Effect in Shear
  • ACI Method of Shear Design
  • EVALUATION OF SHEAR DESIGN METHODS FOR. LARGE, LIGHTLY-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
  • Analytical Results
  • Analytical Modeling
  • Strain Profiles and Girders Rotation
  • Crack Pattern
  • Deflection Profile
  • Experimental Results
  • Test Setup and Instrumentation
  • Material Properties
  • Specimen Details
  • BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. REINFORCED WITH MMFX STEEL
  • Test Results and Discussion
  • Preparation and Testing of Concretes
  • Concrete Mixture Proportions
  • Experimental Investigation
  • AIR-VOID STABILITY IN FRESH SELF-CONSOLIDATING. CONCRETES INCORPORATING RICE HUSK ASH
  • Experimental Results
  • Experimental Tests
  • SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF PRECAST COLUMN-TO-FOUNDATION. GROUTED SLEEVE CONNECTIONS
  • Results Compared with HAZUS
  • Quantitative Damage States
  • Qualitative Damage States
  • Test Results
  • DAMAGE STATES FOR REINFORCED CMU MASONRY SHEAR WALLS
  • Damping Constant h
  • Yield Criterion for Concrete Material
  • Element Size in Longitudinal Direction near Supporting Point
  • Analytical and Experimental Modeling Accuracy
  • Modeling of Materials
  • Finite Element Model
  • Experimental Method
  • Experimental Overview
  • DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS FOR A LARGE-SCALE RC GIRDER. UNDER A FALLING-WEIGHT IMPACT LOADING
  • Method of analysis and Results
  • Loading Conditions
  • Water
  • Reinforcing Steel
  • Material Model
  • Finite Element Model Description
  • Example
  • Methodology for Inclusion of Cracks in Concrete Material Model
  • AN APPROXIMATE DAMAGE MODEL FOR CONCRETE. UNDER FINITE DEFORMATION
  • Experimental Results
  • TAM Network
  • Damage Evaluation of RC Deck by Pattern Recognition
  • Keywords: damage assessment, RC slab, pattern recognition, TAM network Introduction
  • DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE. DECKS USING TAM NETWORK
  • Experimental Support for the CSA Shear Provisions
  • Analysis by the Simplified Method
  • Analysis by the General Method
  • Design by Simplified Method
  • Design by General Method
  • Solving for the Strength of Members by the CSA General Method
  • Checking for Flexure-Shear Failures
  • Longitudinal Strain in Member
  • Modelling of Diagonal Crushing of Concrete to Determine
  • Modelling Aggregate Interlock to Determine
  • The Strength of Members Subjected to Shear
  • Historical Considerations
  • SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF. CSA 2004 SHEAR DESIGN PROVISIONS
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • Results and Discussion
  • Materials and Methods
  • SULPHIDE, SULPHATE AND SULPHURIC ACID CORROSION OF CONCRETE IN LABORATORY TESTS
  • The 2000s
  • The 1990s
  • The 1980s
  • The 1970s
  • COLD-FORMED STEEL RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
  • Isospectral Flow
  • QR Factorisation
  • ISOSPECTRAL VIBRATING SYSTEMS
  • SMCD Member Research Interests
  • An Ongoing Commitment
  • Lessons
  • Failures
  • Critical Remarks
  • Late Years
  • Visiting Scholars
  • Teaching-oriented Events
  • Maturity
  • SM Special Publications
  • Solid Mechanics Archives
  • SM Studies Series
  • Growth
  • Beginnings
  • Plenary Presentations
  • DEDICATION TO PROFESSOR DONALD EDWARD GRIERSON
  • Advances in Engineering Structures, Mechanics & Construction
• Category: All
  • Происшествия в Омске
  • Екатеринбург
  • Санкт Петербург - новости дня
• Category: AND SIZE EFFECT in Concrete and Other Ouasibrittle Materials
  • Tangential Stiffness Tensor Via Solution of a Body with Many Growing Cracks
  • Summary and Limitations
  • Examples of Results of Particle and Lattice Models
  • Directional Bias
  • Truss, Frame, and Lattice Models
  • Particle and Lattice Models
  • Nonlocal Adaptation of Microplane Model or Other Constitutive Models
  • Other Aspects
  • Vertex Effects
  • Calibration of Microplane Model and Comparison with Test Data
  • Procedure for Delocalization of Test Data and Material Identification
  • Calibration by Test Data, Verification and Properties of Microplane Model
  • Summary of Main Points
  • Microplane Model for Finite Strain
  • Numerical Aspects
  • Nonlinear Microplane Behavior and the Concept of Stress-Strain Boundaries
  • Volumetric-Deviatoric Split of the Microstrain and Microstress Vectors
  • Macro-Micro Relations
  • Microplane Model
  • Material Models for Damage and Failure
  • Summary
  • Localization of Oriented Cracking into a Band
  • Constitutive Relation and Gradient Approximation
  • General Formulation: Tensorial Crack Influence Function
  • Long-Range Decay and Integiability
  • Cracks Near Boundary
  • Crack Influence Function in Three Dimensions
  • Crack Influence Function in Two Dimensions
  • Statistical Determination of Crack Influence Function
  • Gauss-Seidel Iteration Applied to Nonlocal Averaging
  • Admissibility of Uniform Inelastic Stress Fields
  • Some Alternative Forms and Properties of the Nonlocal Model
  • Field Equation for Nonlocal Continuum
  • Nonlocality Caused by Interaction of Crowing Microcracks
  • Determination of Characteristic Length
  • Nonlocal Microplane Model
  • Triaxial Nonlocal Models with Yield Limit Degradation
  • Triaxial Nonlocal Smeared Cracking Models
  • Triaxial Nonlocal Models and Applications
  • Baz. ant and Pijaudier-Cabot use a (local) damage function given by
  • Nonlocal Damage Model
  • An Integral-Type Model of the Second Kind
  • An Integral-Type Model of the First Kind
  • A Second-Order Differential Model
  • A Simple Family of Nonlocal Models
  • Gradient Models
  • Models with Nonlocal Strain
  • Basic Concepts in Nonlocal Approaches between Vr, a, and a
  • Basic Concepts in Nonlocal Approaches
  • Nonlocal Continuum Modeling of Damage Localization
  • Hillerborg’s Model for Compressive Failure in Concrete Beams
  • Break-Out of Boreholes
  • Fracture in Joints
  • Keyed Joints
  • Crack Spacing and 'Width, with Application to Highway Pavements
  • Footings
  • Concrete Dams
  • Beam and Ring Failures of Pipes
  • Bond and Slip of Reinforcing Bars
  • Anchor Pullout
  • Punching Shear Failure of Slabs
  • Torsional Failure of Beams
  • Other Structures
  • Formulas for Minimum Reinforcement Based on Fracture Mechanics
  • Models Based on Cohesive Cracks
  • Simplified Cohesive Crack Models
  • Models Based on LEFM
  • Lightly Reinforced Beams: Overview
  • Reinforced Beams in Flexure and Minimum Reinforcement
  • Load Causing Cracks of Given Opening Width
  • Load Causing Cracks of Given Relative Depth
  • Size Effect on Nominal Stress at Cracking Load
  • Analysis Based on Stress Redistribution and Complementary Energy
  • Analysis Based on Stress Relief Zone and Strain Energy for Longitudinally Reinforced Concrete Beams With Stirrups
  • Analysis Based on Stress Relief Zone and Strain Energy for Longitudinally Reinforced Concrete Beams Without Stirrups
  • Basic Hypotheses of Fracturing Truss Model
  • Fracturing Truss Model for Shear Failure of Beams
  • Influence of Prestressing on Diagonal Shear Strength
  • Finite Element Solutions with Nonlocal Microplane Model
  • LEFM Analyses of Jenq and Shah and of Karihaloo
  • Gustafsson-Hillerborg Analysis
  • Bazant-Kim-Sun Formulas
  • Diagonal Shear Failure of Beams
  • Effect of Reinforcement
  • Size Effect Correction to Strength-Based Formulas
  • Size Effect Correction to Ultimate Load Formulas in Codes
  • Brittleness of High Strength Concrete
  • Brittleness Number
  • Conditions for Extending Bazant’s Size Effect Law to Structures
  • General Aspects of Size Effect and Brittleness in Concrete Structures
  • Brittleness and Size Effect in Structural Design
  • Fracture of Arbitrary Direction
  • Relation to Micromechanics of Fracture
  • Nonlocalizedl Fracture: Third Parameter
  • Localized fracture: Moot Point Computationally
  • Comparison of Crack Band and Cohesive Crack Approaches
  • Energy Criterion for Crack Bands with Sudden Cracking
  • Use of Elements of Large Size
  • Stress Lock-In
  • Skew Meshes: Effective Width
  • Stress-Strain Relations for Elements of Arbitrary Size
  • Crack Band Models and Smeared Cracking
  • Carry out the algebra leading to (8.5.56) and (8.5.57)
  • A Simple Model with Stiffness and Strength Degradation
  • Rankine Plastic Model with Softening
  • Mazars’ Scalar Damage Model
  • Generalized Constitutive Equations with Softening
  • Rotating Crack Model
  • Multi-Directional Fixed Cracking
  • Incremental Approach to Cracking of Fixed Orientation
  • Scalar Damage Model for Cracking of Fixed Orientation
  • Secant Approach to Cracking of Fixed Orientation
  • Cracking of Single Fixed Orientation: Basic Concepts
  • Simple Triaxial Strain-Softening Models for Smeared Cracking
  • Introducing Other Inelastic Effects
  • Crack Closure in Reverse Loading and Compression
  • A Simple Continuum Damage Model
  • Elastic-Softening Model with Stiffness and Strength Degradation
  • Elastic-Softening Model with Strength Degradation
  • Uniaxial Softening Models
  • Crack Band Width
  • Simple Numerical Issues
  • Fracture Energy for Crack Bands With Prepeak Energy Dissipation
  • Unloading and Reloading
  • Band Models with Bulk Dissipation
  • Elastic-Softening Crack Band Models
  • Basic Concepts in Crack Band Models
  • Summary: Necessity of Localization Limiters
  • Localization in an Elastic-Softening Bar
  • Localization and Mesh Objectivity
  • Localization of Strain in a Softening Bar
  • . Series Coupling of N Equal Strain Softening Elements
  • Mean Stress and Mean Strain
  • Series Coupling of Two Equal Strain Softening Elements: Imperfection Approach
  • Strain Localization in the Series Coupling Model
  • Crack Band Models and Smeared Cracking
  • Complex Variable Formulation of Plane Elasticity Problems
  • Advanced Aspects of LEFM
  • Bueckner’s Expression for the Weight Function
  • Calculation of the Crack Opening Profile
  • Calculation of the Volume of the Crack
  • Calculation of the Crack Mouth Opening Displacement
  • Compliances, Energy Release Rate, and Stress Intensity Factor for a System of Loads
  • Calculation of Displacements from Ki-Expressions
  • Experimental determination of Kic and Gj
  • Experimental Procedures
  • Numerical Procedures
  • Numerical and Experimental Procedures to Obtain Ki and Q
  • Subsurface Cracking in Compression by Buckling
  • Herrmann’s Approximate Method to Obtain Q by Beam Theory
  • Approximation by Stress Relief Zone
  • Examples Approximately Solvable by Bending Theory
  • Approximate Energy-Based Methods
  • Superposition Methods
  • Setting up Solutions from Closed-Form Expressions
  • Determination of LEFM Parameters
  • Structures Failing at Very Small Cracks Whose Size is a Material Property
  • Size Effect in LEFM
  • General Forms of the Expressions for Kj and Q
  • Size Effect for Failures Characterized by Plasticity, Strength, or Allowable Stress
  • Size Effect in Plasticity and in LEFM
  • Relationship Between Kj and Q
  • . The General Near-Tip Fields and Stress Intensity Factors
  • The Center Cracked Infinite Panel and the Near-Tip Fields
  • LEFM and Stress Intensity Factor
  • Give a detailed proof of Eqs. (2.1.20) and (2.1.21)
  • Rice’s./-Integral
  • Graphical Representation of Fracture Processes
  • Elastic Potentials and Energy Release Rate
  • The General Energy Balance
  • Energy Release Rate and Fracture Energy
  • Essentials of LEFM
  • Structures Without Notches or Cracks
  • Structures with Notches or Cracks
  • Experimental Evidence for Size Effect
  • Exercises
  • Size Effect Equations
  • Nominal Stress and Nominal Strength
  • Quantification of Fracture Mechanics Size Effect
  • Sources of Size Effect on Structural Strength
  • Size Effect
  • Energy Absorption Capability and Ductility
  • Lack of Yield Plateau
  • Objectivity of Analysis
  • Energy Required for Crack Formation
  • Reasons for Fracture Mechanics Approach
  • Trends in Fracture of Quasibrittle Materials
  • Continuum-Based Theories
  • Classical Nonlinear Theories
  • Classical Linear Theory
  • Historical Perspective
  • Why Fracture Mechanics?
  • About the Authors
  • Vector and Tensor Notation
  • AND SIZE EFFECT in Concrete and Other Ouasibrittle Materials
• Category: Baths
  • In long voyage with … a bathroom suitcase of
  • In a bathroom it is not slippery any more!
  • Usual rectangle – a minimalist bath of
  • Award for design – new baths of
  • Stone baths of
  • The screen under a bath: how to make a bathroom
  • Bath & sink of
  • Bath - red-fine!
  • Bath and shelf as a unit
  • Lions paws leave in a past of
  • Magic space bath of
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  • Stylish asymmetry in design of a bath of
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  • Bath … under feet of
  • The bathroom equipment changing a place of
  • Polotentsesushiteli. «Foreign guests» — water polotentsesushitel of
  • Such comfortable bath …
  • Heat-insulated floor in a bathroom of
  • Boiler. Economical connection of
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  • We adapt foreigners of
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  • Mineral molding – a new trend in production of bathroom equipment of
  • Form of a bath of
  • Disinfection and leaving of
  • We save a place in a bathroom of
  • The whole matter is in the vials of
  • Modern baths. And again about legs!
  • Polotentsesushiteli of
  • Lets have a rest in a bath!
  • Glass heat of
  • Bath triangle – in particular!
  • Accent – on a bath!
  • Bath + a sink – with comfort and comfortably
  • The bathroom which is shining in the dark of
  • And again about gold in bathrooms of
• Category: Bauchemie
  • Thermochrome und thermotrope Schichten
  • Gaschrome (hydrochrome) Schichten
  • Elektrochrome Schichten
  • Weitere Anwendungsfelder
  • Oberflachenfunktionalisierung
  • Innovationsfelder fiir Nanotechnologien auf dem Bau - sektor
  • Was sind Nanoteilchen?
  • Hightech im Bauwesen: Anwendung der Nano - technologie in Architektur und Bauwesen
  • Baustoffrecycling heute: Eine kritische Bestandsauf - nahme
  • Bitumen - und pechhaltige Recyclingbaustoffe
  • Anforderungen an Baustoffe aus Recyclingmaterial
  • Recyclingbaustoffe: Charakterisierung und Einteilung
  • Allgemeine Bemerkungen
  • Sick-Building-Syndrom
  • Schwarze Ablagerungen in Wohnungen (,,Fogging“)
  • Schadstoffe in Innenraumen und Gebauden
  • Einleitende Bemerkungen
  • Luftschadstoffe in Innenraumen
  • Holzschutzmittel
  • Holzschutz
  • Holz und Holzschutz
  • MS-Polymere sind mit den meisten am Markt erhaltlichen Lack - und Farbsystemen iiberstreichbar
  • Chemisch hartende Klebstoffe
  • Klebstoffe - Fugendichtstoffe - Kitte
  • Reaktionsharzbeton und - mortel
  • Kunststoffmodifizierte Mortel und Betone
  • Beton mit Kunststoffen
  • Kunststoffdispersionen
  • Bautechnisch wichtige Polyaddukte
  • Polyadditionskunststoffe (Polyaddukte)
  • Polyesterharze - Alkydharze
  • Formaldehydkondensationsprodukte
  • Bautechnisch wichtige Polykondensate
  • Polykondensationskunststoffe (Polykondensate)
  • . • Polystyrol, PS
  • • Polyvinylidenchlorid, PVDC ^
  • Weich-PVC (PVC-P)
  • Hart-PVC (PVC-U)
  • Polyvinyle und abgeleitete Verbindungen
  • • Polyisobutylen (Polyisobuten), PIB CH3
  • • Polypropylen (Polypropen), PP “F
  • Bautechnisch wichtige Polymerisate
  • Polymerisationskunststoffe (Polymerisate)
  • Einteilung der Kunststoffe nach ihrer Bildungsreaktion
  • Hilfs-, Full - und Verstarkungsstoffe in Polymeren
  • Duroplaste sind Polymere, die nach einmaligem Durchlaufen eines plastischen Zustandes im Verlauf der Verarbeitungsprozesse irreversibel ausharten
  • Duroplaste (Duromere)
  • Elastomere
  • Einteilung der Kunststoffe nach ihren thermischen und me - chanischen Eigenschaften
  • Aufbau und Struktur
  • Kunststoffe
  • Asphalte
  • Teer und Pech
  • Chemische Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften
  • Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel
  • Bitumen, Teer und Asphalt
  • Organische Losungs - und Verdiinnungsmittel
  • Heterocyclische Verbindungen
  • Fette und Ole
  • Carbonsauren und Ester
  • Ether
  • Beim Umgang mit Losungen bzw. Dispersionen, die als Losungsmittel halogenierte
  • Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe und Abkommlinge
  • Ungesattigte Kohlenwasserstoffe: Alkene und Alkine
  • Gesattigte Kohlenwasserstoffe: Alkane und Cycloalkane
  • Grundklassen organischer Verbindungen
  • Chemie organischer Stoffe im Bauwesen
  • Ma&nahmen zum Korrosionsschutz (Bautenschutz)
  • Salzablagerungen auf Bauwerksoberflachen (Ausbluhungen)
  • Biokorrosion
  • Chloridangriff
  • Korrosiver Angriff auf die Bewehrung
  • T reibender Angriff
  • Losender Angriff
  • Chemischer Angriff auf zementgebundene Baustoffe
  • Korrosion nichtmetallisch-anorganischer Baustoffe
  • Umweltvertraglichkeit von zementgebundenen Baustoffen
  • Kalksandsteine und Porenbetone
  • Magnesia - und Phosphatbinder
  • Eigenschaften von Bindemitteln auf der Basis von CaS04
  • Erhartungsprozess
  • Vorkommen, Darstellung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung
  • Gips und Anhydrit
  • Vom Deutschen Institut fur Bautechnik zugelassene Zusatzmittel
  • Chemische Zusatzmittel und ihre Wirkungsweise
  • Hauptanwendungsgebiete: massige Betonteile, Betonieren bei hohen AuBentemperaturen. Spezialzemente (Auswahl)
  • Zementarten - Spezialzemente
  • Je groBer der w/z-Wert, umso geringer sind Festigkeit und Dichtigkeit des Betons
  • . Der Wasserzementwert (w/z) kennzeichnet das Massenverhaltnis zwischen Wasser (wirksamer Wasseranteil) und Zement
  • Eine hoher Anteil an Kapillarporen vermindert die Festigkeit, die chemische Wider - standsfahigkeit und die Frost-Tau-Wechselbestandigkeit eines Zementsteins bzw. Betons
  • Aufbau und Eigenschaften des Zementsteins
  • Erstarren - Erstarrungsstdrungen
  • Hydratation von Zementen
  • Reaktionen des Aluminats C3A
  • Zusammenfassung
  • Reaktion des Zements mit Wasser
  • (Zement) Zusatze
  • Calciumsulfat
  • Nebenbestandteile
  • Kalkstein (L, LL)
  • Silicastaub (D)
  • Kalkreiche Flugasche (W)
  • Kieselsaurereiche Flugasche (V)
  • Flugasche (V, W)
  • Naturliches getempertes Puzzolan (Q)
  • Naturliches Puzzolan (P)
  • Puzzolane (P, Q)
  • Die hydraulischen Eigenschaften eines Hiittensandes verbessern sich mit steigenden Gehalten an CaO, MgO und Al203
  • Bestandteile von Normzementen
  • Weitere Klinkerphasen
  • Portlandzementklinker: Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften
  • Rohstoffe und Herstellung von Portlandzement
  • Zemente
  • Hydraulische Kalke
  • Luftkalke
  • Baukalke
  • Anorganische Bindemittel
  • Siliciumorganische Verbindungen
  • Tone und Tonkeramik
  • Glaser
  • Technische Silicate (Kunstliche Silicate)
  • Silicate
  • Kieselsauren
  • Silicate und siliciumorganische Verbindungen
  • Metamorphe Gesteine
  • Sedimentgesteine - Kalkstein
  • Gesteine
  • Gesteinsbildende Minerale
  • Chemie nichtmetallisch-anorganischer Baustoffe
  • Chrom im Zement - Chromatreduzierer
  • Chrom
  • Blei
  • Zink
  • Kupfer
  • Nichteisenmetalle - Eigenschaften und Korrosions - verhalten
  • • Anodischer Korrosionsschutz
  • • Katodischer Korrosionsschutz
  • Aktiver Korrosionsschutz
  • • Anorganisch-nichtmetallische Schutzschichten
  • • Organische Schichten
  • • Metallische Schutzschichten
  • Passiver Korrosionsschutz
  • Korrosionsschutz
  • • Ungleichmafiige oder lokal begrenzte (punktformige) Korrosion
  • Erscheinungsformen der Korrosion
  • Korrosion von Stahl
  • Kontaktkorrosion
  • Rosten von Eisen
  • Wesen der metallischen Korrosion - Korrosionstypen
  • Korrosion von Metallen
  • Stahl
  • Produkte des Hochofenprozesses
  • Eisen und Stahl
  • Chemie der Baumetalle
  • Redoxreaktionen in nichtwassrigem Milieu
  • Elektrolyse
  • Elektrochemische Stromerzeugung
  • Konzentrationsabhangigkeit der Elektrodenpotentiale: Nernstsche Gleichung und ihre Anwendung
  • Folgerungen aus der elektrochemischen Spannungsreihe - Praktische Spannungsreihe
  • Triebkraft chemischer Reaktionen - Potentialdifferenz
  • Standardelektrodenpotentiale - Elektrochemische Spannungs - reihe
  • Galvanische Zellen
  • Redoxreaktionen - Spannungsreihe
  • Formulieren von Redoxgleichungen
  • Redoxreaktionen - Grundlagen der Elektro-chemie
  • Technisch und bauchemisch wichtige Sauren und Basen
  • Pufferldsungen
  • Berechnung des pH-Wertes
  • Protolyse von Salzen
  • Der pH-Wert ist (lurch die Konzentration steuerbar. Die Starke von Sauren und Basen stellt dagegen eine stoffspezifische GroiJe dar
  • Starke von Sauren und Basen
  • Indikatoren, Saure-Base-Titration, Normallosungen
  • Saure-Base-Reaktionen
  • Elektrolytische Leitfahigkeit - Aktivitat
  • Elektrolyte und elektrolytische Leitfahigkeit
  • Analytische Bedeutung von Komplexverbindungen
  • Chemische Reaktionen in Losung
  • Wasser im Bauwesen
  • Trinkwasser
  • Wasser und Wasserinhaltsstoffe
  • Gleichionige Zusatze verringern die Loslichkeit eines Elektrolyten und damit die Konzentration des Gegenions
  • Loslichkeit - Loslichkeitsprodukt
  • Assoziationskolloide (Micellkolloide)
  • Molekulkolloide
  • Dispersionskolloide
  • Einteilung von Losungen nach ihrem Dispersionsgrad - Kolloide
  • Polare Substanzen (Ionenverbindungen wie Salze und Metalloxide, Dipolmolekiile) losen sich im Allgemeinen nur in polaren Losungsmitteln
  • Losung und Loslichkeit
  • Kolligative Eigenschaften von Losungen: Gefrierpunktser - niedrigung und Siedepunktserhohung
  • Dampfdruck
  • Warmeleitfahigkeit und spezifische Warmekapazitat
  • Viskositat
  • Grenzflachenaktive Verbindungen: Tenside
  • Oberflachenspannung - Benetzung - Kapillaritat
  • Dichteanomalie
  • Anomalien des Wassers
  • Struktur und Eigenschaften des Wassers
  • Wasser - Vorkommen und Bedeutung
  • Abgaskatalyse bei Kraftfahrzeugen
  • Entstickung von Rauchgas
  • Rauchgasentschwefelung - REA-Gips
  • Saurer Regen und Folgeschaden
  • Schadwirkungen und Maftnahmen zu ihrer Verhinderung
  • Stickoxide (NO, N02)
  • Saurer Oder London-Smog
  • Schwefelsauren und deren Salze
  • Schwefeldioxid (S02)
  • Luftschadstoffe
  • Kohlendioxid als Treibhausgas - Treibhauseffekt
  • Kohlendioxid (C02)
  • Stratospharisches und tropospharisches Ozon - Ozonproblematik
  • Ozon (03)
  • Sauerstoff (O2): Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften
  • Sauerstoff
  • Ausgewahlte Stickstoffverbindungen
  • Naturliche Luftinhaltsstoffe
  • Loslichkeit von Gasen
  • Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften der Luft
  • Zusammensetzung der Luft
  • Heterogene Gleichgewichte
  • Beeinflussung der Lage des chemischen Gleichgewichts
  • Massenwirkungsgesetz
  • Chemisches Gleichgewicht - Massenwirkungs - gesetz
  • Katalyse
  • Temperaturabhangigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit
  • Konzentrationsabhangigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit
  • Geschwindigkeit chemischer Reaktionen
  • Triebkraft chemischer Reaktionen - Freie Enthalpie
  • Satz von Hess
  • Bildungsenthalpie - Berechnung von Reaktionsenthalpien
  • Reaktionsenthalpie
  • Energiebilanz chemischer Reaktionen
  • Molarer Formelumsatz
  • Stochiometrie chemischer Reaktionen
  • Die chemische Reaktion
  • Legierungen
  • Struktur ionischer Festkorper
  • Struktur der Metalle
  • Struktur kristalliner Festkorper
  • Fester Zustand
  • Intermolekulare Bindungskrafte
  • Energiebandermodell
  • Elektronengasmodell
  • Metallbindung
  • Polaritat einer Bindung - Elektronegativitat
  • Raumliche Struktur der Molekule: Hybridisierungsmodell
  • Uberlappung von Orbitalen
  • Atombindung (Kovalente Bindung)
  • Eigenschaften von lonenverbindungen
  • Wechselwirkung zwischen den lonen - Gitterenergie
  • Ionenbindung
  • Chemische Bindung
  • Periodizitat wichtiger Eigenschaften
  • Periodensystem der Elemente
  • Orbitalbild der Elektronen
  • Aufbau der Elektronenhulle
  • Radioaktivitat von Baustoffen
  • Atombau und Periodensystem der Elemente
  • Stochiometrische Berechnungen
  • Stoffmengenanteil (altere Bezeichnung: Molenbruch)
  • Stoffmengenkonzentration
  • Massenkonzentration
  • Volumenanteil (fur Mischungen von Fliissigkeiten)
  • Massenanteil
  • Konzentrationsmafte
  • Stoffmenge - Mol
  • Atom - und Molektilmasse
  • Allgemeine Zustandsgleichung der Gase
  • Volumenverhaltnisse - Satz von Avogadro
  • Massen - und Volumenverhaltnisse bei chemischen Reaktionen
  • Elemente und chemische Verbindungen
  • Stoffe
  • Allgemein-chemische Grundlagen
  • Bauchemie
• Category: BRICKWORK BRICKLAYING
  • . ‘Wall-Starter’ Systems
  • Tying in New Junction Walls to Existing Walls
  • Block Bonding
  • EXTENDING THE LENGTH OF EXISTING WALLS
  • Re-Pointing Method
  • Mortar for Re-Pointing
  • Raking Out
  • . REPAIRING PERISHED MORTAR JOINTS
  • REPLACING PERISHED BRICKS
  • MORTAR BEES
  • LIME STAINING
  • EFFLORESCENCE
  • Defects and Maintenance
  • LETTERING
  • SIMPLE STRAPWORK ON PILLARS
  • Diagonal Herringbone Panels
  • Basketweave Panels
  • SIMPLE DECORATIVE PANELS
  • . Soldier Courses
  • Dentil Courses
  • Diaper Patterns
  • Contrasting Coloured Bricks
  • Simple Decorative Work
  • . EXPANSION JOINTS IN LONG BOUNDARY WALLS
  • . DAMP PROOF COURSES IN BOUNDARY WALLS
  • . PRE-CAST CONCRETE COPINGS AND CAPS
  • PIER CAPS
  • Mortar Fillet
  • Tile Creasing
  • Oversailing Courses at Stopped-Ends of Walls
  • Constructing an Oversailing Course
  • Oversailing Courses
  • Simple Brick-on-Edge Copings at Return Angles
  • Running-In a Brick-on-Edge Coping
  • Setting-Out a Brick-on-Edge Coping
  • Laying a Simple Brick-on-Edge Coping
  • Simple Brick-on-Edge Copings
  • . SIMPLE COPINGS TO BOUNDARY WALLS
  • Constructing Isolated Piers
  • ISOLATED PIERS
  • Double Attached Piers in Flemish Bond
  • Single Attached Piers in Flemish Bond
  • Single Attached Piers in English bond
  • ATTACHED PIERS
  • Boundary Walls, Copings and Caps
  • CAVITY WALLS AT EAVES LEVEL
  • . WEEPHOLES
  • AIRBRICKS
  • Concrete Lintels
  • BRIDGING OPENINGS IN CAVITY WALLS
  • DOOR AND WINDOW REVEALS
  • WINDOW SILLS AND DOOR THRESHOLDS Sealing the Cavity
  • Cavity Battens
  • Partial-Fill Insulation
  • Full-Fill Insulation
  • CAVITY-WALL INSULATION
  • Positioning Wall Ties
  • . CAVITY-WALL TIES
  • HORIZONTAL DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC)
  • Cavity Walls
  • ATTENTION TO DETAIL
  • FLUSH JOINT FINISH
  • WEATHER-STRUCK JOINT FINISH
  • RECESSED JOINT FINISH
  • . HALF-ROUND OR ‘BUCKET HANDLE’ JOINT FINISH
  • . TIMING OF JOINTING-UP
  • Basic Joint Finishes
  • Calculating Materials by Weight
  • Mortar for Laying Bricks and Blocks
  • CALCULATING QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS IN BRICK AND BLOCK WALLING
  • PROTECTING NEW BRICKWORK AND BLOCKWORK
  • Mechanical Cutting
  • Cutting Blocks
  • Rough-Cutting Bricks
  • Cutting Bricks at an Angle
  • Fair-Faced Cutting
  • . CUTTING BRICKS AND BLOCKS
  • Applying Cross-Joints
  • Laying Blocks
  • Laying the Last Brick to Line
  • . Disturbing the Line
  • Tingle Plates
  • . Attaching String-Lines
  • PRINCIPLES OF RUNNING-IN BETWEEN CORNERS
  • Building the Third and Remaining Courses
  • Building the Second Course
  • Building the First Course
  • Setting-Out for Corners at Foundation Level
  • Plumbing Brickwork
  • . LEVELLING AND PLUMBING BRICKWORK
  • Adjustments to Gauge Below Ground
  • CHECKING FOR GAUGE
  • . BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING WALLS
  • Cross-Joint (Perpend) Width and Vertical Deviation
  • . Application of Cross-Joints
  • Bedding Bricks
  • Spreading Bed Joints
  • Cutting and rolling is carried out as follows
  • Cutting and Rolling Mortar
  • BASIC BRICKLAYING TECHNIQUE
  • Bricklaying Basic Skills
  • KEY POINTS TO ENSURE GOOD BONDING
  • Attached Piers in 100mm Blockwork
  • Bonding Junction Walls in Blockwork
  • . BONDING BLOCKWORK Principles
  • Broken Bonding
  • . Reverse Bonding
  • MAKING ADJUSTMENTS
  • GARDEN WALL BONDS
  • Queen Closer
  • Flemish Bond
  • . English Bond
  • ONE-BRICK WALLING
  • Attached Piers in Stretcher Bond
  • STRETCHER BOND
  • LOAD DISTRIBUTION
  • Bonding of Brickwork and Blockwork
  • Corner Blocks
  • OTHER TOOLS
  • Plugging Chisel
  • Bolster Chisel
  • Lump Hammer
  • CUTTING TOOLS
  • Half-Round or ‘Bucket Handle’ Jointing Iron or Jointer
  • Finger Trowel
  • POINTING AND JOINTING TOOLS
  • Squares
  • Gauge Lath
  • Tape Measure
  • Checking the Accuracy of a Spirit Level
  • Sizes
  • LEVELLING AND MEASURING TOOLS
  • Wooden or Polyurethane Float
  • Steel Floating Trowel
  • Brick Trowel
  • Bricklaying Tools
  • Method 2: Cowley Automatic Level
  • Method 1: Spirit Level and Straight-Edge
  • TRANSFERRING LEVELS
  • . SITE DATUM
  • PROFILE BOARDS
  • SETTING-OUT A RIGHT-ANGLE USING THE 3:4:5 METHOD
  • Setting-Out: Stage 4
  • Setting-Out: Stage 3
  • Setting-Out: Stage 1
  • Selecting a Base Line
  • SETTING-OUT A RECTANGULAR BUILDING
  • THE ‘BUILDING LINE’
  • TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS FOR SETTING-OUT
  • Basic Setting-Out and Levelling
  • EXPANSION AND ISOLATION JOINTS
  • . SHUTTERING FORMWORK
  • SUB-BASES FOR CONCRETE
  • RAFT FOUNDATION
  • Deep-Strip or ‘Trench-Fill’ Foundation
  • Stepped Strip Foundation
  • STRIP FOUNDATIONS
  • Simple Foundations and Bases
  • Manufacture of Aerated Concrete Blocks
  • Lightweight Concrete Blocks
  • Dense Concrete Blocks
  • CONCRETE BLOCKS
  • Special-Shaped Bricks
  • Variations in Brick Size
  • Special Quality
  • Internal Quality
  • Quality of Bricks
  • Engineering Bricks
  • Facing Bricks
  • General Classification of Bricks
  • Firing or Burning Bricks
  • Drying Bricks
  • Machine-Pressed Bricks
  • Soft-Mud Moulded Bricks
  • Wire-Cut Extruded Bricks
  • Brick Manufacture
  • Bricks and Blocks
  • MORTAR ADMIXTURES
  • PRE-BAGGED DRY MORTAR
  • . READY-TO-USE MORTARS
  • Mixing Mortar by Machine
  • Mixing Mortar by Hand
  • MIXING MORTAR
  • Cleanliness of Sand
  • ‘Bulking’ of Sand
  • SAND
  • Hydraulic Lime
  • . Cement-Lime-Sand Mortar
  • MORTAR MIX DESIGN
  • Adequacy of Compressive Strength
  • Good Bond with Bricks
  • Durability
  • Retention of Plasticity
  • REQUIREMENTS
  • Mortar
  • CALCULATING QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE
  • CONCRETE CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
  • Concreting In Cold Weather
  • WEATHER CONDITIONS
  • DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
  • CURING AND PROTECTING NEW CONCRETE
  • SURFACE FINISHING OF CONCRETE
  • PLACING AND COMPACTING CONCRETE
  • MINI-MIX CONCRETE
  • READY-MIX CONCRETE (RMC)
  • Mixing Concrete by Machine
  • . MIXING CONCRETE
  • . WATER/CEMENT RATIO OF CONCRETE MIXES
  • Volume Batching
  • Weight Batching
  • GAUGING OF CONCRETE MIX MATERIALS
  • AGGREGATE/CEMENT RATIO OF CONCRETE MIXES
  • GRADING OF AGGREGATES
  • STORAGE OF AGGREGATES
  • ALL-IN BALLAST
  • COARSE AGGREGATES
  • FINE AGGREGATE (CONCRETING SAND OR SHARP SAND)
  • CEMENT
  • Concrete
  • Introduction
  • Acknowledgements
  • BRICKLAYING
• Category: Ceramic and Glass Materials
  • Phase Transitions and the Processing of Zirconia
  • Diffusion Coefficients
  • Electronic Properties
  • Creep
  • Toughness
  • Hardness
  • Elastic Properties
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Vacancy Defects
  • Interstitial Defects
  • Point Defects
  • Amorphous Structure
  • High-Pressure Phases
  • Monoclinic Zirconia
  • Tetragonal Zirconia
  • Cubic Zirconia
  • Crystalline and Noncrystalline Structures
  • Zirconia
  • Health Effects and Legislation
  • Processing
  • Applications
  • Lead Compounds
  • Current Research Topics
  • Castable Rheology
  • Moisture Profile
  • E-valuation Techniques
  • Drying and Firing of Refractory Castables
  • Compositions and Applications
  • Refractory Concretes (Monolithic Refractories)
  • Current Research Topics
  • Testing and E-valuation
  • Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • Carbon and Organic-Based Fibers
  • Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • Construction Concrete
  • Concrete and Cement
  • General Outlook
  • Mullitization
  • Spinel
  • Metakaolin
  • Loss of Adsorbed Water
  • Kaolinite to Mullite Reaction Sequence
  • Casting
  • Soft Plastic Forming
  • Stiff Plastic Forming
  • Dry Pressing
  • Clay-Water Interactions
  • Processing Methods for Clay-Based Ceramics
  • Other Clays
  • Shales
  • Talc
  • Bentonite
  • Fire Clay
  • Ball Clay
  • China Clay
  • Clays Used in the Ceramics Industry
  • Secondary Clays
  • Primary Clays
  • Types of Clay Deposits
  • Formation Mechanism for Kaolinite
  • Structure of Clay Minerals
  • Structure, Formation Mechanisms, Types of Deposits, and Use of Clays
  • Introduction and Historic Overview
  • Clays
  • Heat Capacity
  • Elastic Modulus/Strength
  • Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity
  • Thermal Expansion
  • Melting Temperature
  • Properties
  • Liquid Phase Sintering
  • Solid-State Sintering
  • Processing
  • Macroscopic Behavior
  • Crystal Structure
  • Atomic Structure and Bonding
  • Fundamental Explanations
  • Applications
  • Refractory Oxides
  • Future Trends
  • Processing Quartz and Other Silicas
  • Key Properties of Quartz and Other Silicas
  • Vitreous Silica
  • Cristobalite
  • Quartz
  • Silica Polymorphs
  • The Structural Forms of Quartz and Other Silicas
  • Introduction and Historic Overview
  • Quartz and Silicas
  • Y2O3-Al2O3 Glasses
  • Synthesis of YAG and Other Rare Earth Aluminates
  • Y2O3-Al2O3 System
  • Rare Earth Aluminates
  • Synthesis of Lithium Aluminates
  • Li2O-Al2O3 System
  • Lithium Aluminates
  • Synthesis of Magnesium Aluminates
  • MgO-Al2O3 System
  • MgO-Al2O3 Aluminates
  • Synthesis of Calcium Aluminate Glasses
  • Calcium Aluminate Glasses
  • Synthesis of Calcium Aluminates
  • Calcium Aluminate Bioceramics
  • Refractory Castables
  • Phase Equilibria and Crystal Phases in the CaO-Al2O3 System
  • Calcium Aluminate Cements
  • Alkali and Alkaline Earth Aluminates
  • Aluminates
  • Industrial Applications of the Sillimanite Minerals
  • Worldwide Deposits of the Sillimanite Minerals
  • Decomposition of the Sillimanite Minerals
  • Structures of the Sillimanite Minerals
  • The Sillimanite Minerals: Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite
  • Selected Materials Properties
  • Processing and Applications
  • Phase Stability
  • Crystal Structure
  • Mullite
  • Conclusion and Future Uses of Alumina
  • Color of Alumina
  • Optical Absorption
  • Optical Properties
  • Reactions of Alumina in Aqueous Solutions
  • Reactions with Nonmetals
  • Reactions with Metals
  • Chemical Properties
  • Diffusion in Alumina
  • Dielectric Properties
  • Electrical Properties
  • Thermal Conductivity
  • Vaporization of Alumina
  • Heat Capacity (Specific Heat) and Thermodynamic Quantities
  • Thermal and Thermodynamic Properties
  • Fracture Toughness
  • Plastic Deformation
  • Creep
  • Hardness
  • Fatigue
  • Strength
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Equilibrium Binary Phase Diagrams of Alumina with Other Oxides
  • Structures of Pure and Hydrated Alumina
  • Processing
  • Processing
  • Introduction
  • Alumina
  • Preface
  • Ceramic and Glass Materials
• Category: CONCRETE FORMWORK
  • System Selection Via Tables
  • Example Project
  • CHOOSING THE PROPER FORMWORK SYSTEM USING THE COMPARISON TABLES
  • Home-Office Support
  • Hoisting Equipment (Cranes)
  • Supporting Organization
  • Weather Conditions
  • Local Conditions
  • Speed of Construction
  • Concrete Finish
  • Job Specifications
  • Building Design: Building Shape
  • Type V Structure (Tube-in-Tube Systems)
  • Type III Structure (Framed-Shear Wall Systems)
  • Type I Structure (Rigid Frame System)
  • Building Design: Lateral Load Supporting
  • FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF VERTICAL FORMWORK SYSTEM
  • Selection Criteria for Vertical Formwork System
  • Limitations
  • Safety
  • Versatility
  • Construction Time
  • Advantages
  • Takedown Form
  • Ram Placement
  • Form Placement
  • Third Lift
  • Concrete Placement
  • Second Lift
  • Starter Wall
  • Typical Work Cycle
  • Support Brackets
  • Working Platform
  • Stripping Jacks
  • Rams
  • Forms
  • The Lifting Towers
  • Self-Raising Form Components
  • SELF-RAISING FORMWORK SYSTEM
  • Economic Consideration in Using Slipform
  • Takedown Slipform
  • Tolerances
  • Leveling
  • Reducing Wall Thickness
  • Forming Openings, Projections, and Recesses
  • Rebar
  • Curing/ Finishing
  • Admixtures
  • Temperature and Concrete Mix
  • Methods and Techniques in Slipform Operation Method of Placement
  • Form Platform (Working Deck)
  • Sheathing
  • Slipforming Components
  • The Slipforming Operation
  • Construction Practices
  • SLIPFORMS
  • Vertical Formwork Systems: Crane-Independent Systems
  • Bearing Stress
  • Design Load
  • (No Title)
  • Design Procedure
  • DESIGN OF LATERAL BRACING
  • DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPAN
  • STRESSES CALCULATIONS
  • METHOD OF ANALYSIS
  • Horizontal Loads
  • Lateral Pressure of Concrete Forms for Wall
  • DESIGN LOADS
  • WALL FORM COMPONENTS
  • Wall Form Design
  • Limitations of Jump Form
  • Productivity
  • Safety
  • Durability
  • Flexibility
  • Use of Form Liners
  • Advantages of Jump Form Significant Reduction in Crane Time
  • Resetting
  • Flying
  • Stripping
  • Third Lift: Walkway Platform Assembly
  • Second Lift
  • Typical Work Cycle First Lift
  • The Supporting Structure
  • Upper Framed Panel Form
  • Jump Form Components
  • JUMP FORMS
  • Limitations of Gang Formwork
  • Economy and Advantages of Gang Formwork
  • Gang Forms Assembly
  • Sizes and Materials
  • GANGED FORMING SYSTEMS
  • Economy of Conventional Wall Formwork
  • Construction Practices
  • Tie Rods
  • Erection of Column Forms
  • Formwork for Columns
  • System Components and Construction Sequence
  • CONVENTIONAL WALL/COLUMNS FORMING SYSTEMS
  • Vertical Formwork Systems: Crane-Dependent Systems
  • Use of Formwork Tabular Comparative Analysis
  • Example Project
  • CHOOSING THE PROPER FORMWORK SYSTEM USING TABLES
  • Supporting Yard Facility
  • Hoisting Equipment (Cranes)
  • Available Capital (Cost)
  • Supporting Organization
  • Site Characteristics
  • Local Conditions
  • Job Specification Speed of Construction
  • Building Shape
  • One-Way Joist (Ribbed) Slab
  • One-Way Slab Supported by Beams or Bearing Walls
  • One-Way Slab, Beam, and Girder
  • Two-Way Slab Supported by Beams
  • Two-Way Flat Slab
  • Two-Way Flat Plate
  • Building Design: Slab Type
  • FACTORS AFFECTING HORIZONTAL FORMWORK SELECTION
  • Selection Criteria for Horizontal Formwork System
  • Limitations
  • Modular Consideration for Tunnel Formwork
  • Quality
  • Flexibility
  • Labor Force
  • Construction Time
  • Cost
  • Advantages of Tunnel Formwork
  • Second Cycle
  • Stripping
  • Concrete Pour
  • Form Placement
  • Steel Reinforcement Placement
  • Typical Work Cycle
  • System Description
  • TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM
  • Modular and Design Factors Affecting Selection of Column-Mounted Shoring Systems
  • Advantages, Usage, and Limitations of the Column-Mounted Shoring Systems
  • Column-Mounted Shoring System Cycle
  • Components of Column-Mounted Shoring
  • COLUMN-MOUNTED SHORING SYSTEMS
  • Modular and Design Factors for Selecting Flying Formwork
  • Flying Formwork Limitations
  • Flying to a New Position
  • Rolling Out
  • Flying to a New Position
  • Flying Formwork Cycle
  • Telescoping Extension Legs
  • Aluminum Trusses
  • Aluminum Joist ‘‘Nailers’’
  • Sheathing Panels
  • Flying Formwork Components
  • FLYING FORMWORK SYSTEM
  • Horizontal Formwork Systems: Crane-Set Systems
  • Stringers and Shores
  • Size, Length, and Spacing of Joists
  • DESIGN STEPS
  • Design Loads
  • SLAB FORM DESIGN
  • Design Methodology and Design Equations
  • Load Duration
  • Dry Conditions and Wet Conditions
  • Grade Stress Level
  • Direction of Face Grain
  • Wood Species
  • Plywood Grades
  • Veneer Classification
  • PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD
  • Bearing Area Factor
  • Temperature Factor
  • Load Duration Factor
  • Effect of Moisture
  • Size Factor
  • Design Values of Mechanical Properties
  • Mechanical Properties of Lumber
  • Sizes of Structural Lumber
  • PROPERTIES OF SAWN LUMBER
  • Rectangular Cross Section
  • PROPERTIES OF AREA
  • PROPERTIES OF FORM MATERIALS
  • Slab Form Design
  • Stringers and Shores
  • Size, Length, and Spacing of Joists
  • DESIGN STEPS
  • Horizontal Load
  • Vertical Loads
  • Design Loads
  • SLAB FORM DESIGN
  • Design Methodology and Design Equations
  • Load Duration
  • Dry Conditions and Wet Conditions
  • Grade Stress Level
  • Direction of Face Grain
  • Wood Species
  • Plywood Grades
  • Veneer Classification
  • PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD
  • Bearing Area Factor
  • Temperature Factor
  • Load Duration Factor
  • Effect of Moisture
  • Size Factor
  • Design Values of Mechanical Properties
  • Mechanical Properties of Lumber
  • Sizes of Structural Lumber
  • PROPERTIES OF SAWN LUMBER
  • Rectangular Cross Section
  • PROPERTIES OF AREA
  • PROPERTIES OF FORM MATERIALS
  • Slab Form Design
  • Dome Forming Systems
  • Joist-Slab Forming Systems
  • SPECIAL HORIZONTAL FORMWORK SYSTEM
  • Limitations of Conventional Aluminum Systems
  • Advantages of Conventional Aluminum Systems
  • Post Shore
  • Aluminum Scaffold Shoring
  • Aluminum Beams (Stringers)
  • Extruded Aluminum Joist
  • Plywood Sheathing
  • Conventional Aluminum System Description
  • Types of Conventional Metal Systems
  • CONVENTIONAL METAL SYSTEMS
  • Advantages of Conventional Wood System
  • Limitations of Conventional Wood System
  • Best Practices for Conventional Wood System
  • Formwork for Foundation
  • Formwork for Concrete Beams
  • Formwork for Concrete Slabs
  • CONVENTIONAL WOOD FORMWORK SYSTEM
  • Horizontal Formwork Systems: Hand-Set Systems
  • Glass-Reinforced Plastic
  • Aluminum
  • Steel
  • Plyform
  • Plywood
  • Tensile and Compressive Strengths
  • Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
  • Bending Stresses
  • Mechanical Properties of Lumber
  • Size Classification
  • Grading of Lumber
  • Commercial Softwood Lumber
  • Nominal Size
  • Wood
  • FORMWORK MATERIALS
  • Repair and/or Reuse Formwork
  • Provide Reshores/Backshores
  • Strip Forms
  • Cure Concrete
  • Finish Concrete
  • Consolidate Concrete
  • Place Concrete
  • Erect Formwork, Place Inserts, and Reinforcement
  • Fabricate Formwork
  • Choose a Formwork System
  • AN INTEGRATED CONCRETE/FORMWORK LIFE CYCLE
  • Quality
  • Safety
  • Speed
  • FORMWORK ECONOMY AND SIGNIFICANCE
  • Formwork System
  • CONCRETE FORMWORK
  • CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
  • Preface
• Category: Construction Management. for Industrial Projects
  • The Right Decisions
  • Questions
  • Quiz for Project Management
  • Methods of Risk Avoidance
  • Example
  • Risk Monitoring and Control
  • Risk Response Planning and Strategies
  • Tabulated Method
  • Matrix Method
  • Defining Priorities
  • Grouping of Risks
  • Analogy
  • SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis
  • Documentation Review
  • Checklists
  • Root Cause Identification
  • Expert Interviews
  • Crawford's Slip
  • Nominal Group Technique
  • Delphi Technique
  • Brainstorming
  • Methods of Defining Risk
  • Risk Identification
  • Risk Assessment
  • Project Risks
  • The Risk Management Process
  • Project Risk Management
  • Advantages for Total Building Commissioning System
  • Recommissioning
  • Recommission Facility Every 3-5 Years
  • Complete Final Commissioning Report
  • Re-inspect/Review Performance Before End of Warranty Period
  • Perform Deferred and Seasonal Testing
  • Building Commissioning Process in the Post-Construction Stage
  • Turnover Commissioning Record
  • Conduct Owner Training
  • Hold Commissioning Team Meetings and Report Progress
  • Test Issues and Follow-up
  • Test Data Records
  • Oversee and Document Functional Performance Testing
  • Develop and Utilize Construction Checklists
  • Review Submittals for Performance Parameters
  • Construction Stage
  • Written Test Procedures
  • Develop Commissioning Specifications
  • Update/Refine Commissioning Plan
  • Design Review Meetings
  • Issues Log
  • Concept, DD, and CD Design Reviews
  • CxA Roles in BOD
  • Commissioning Agent Selection
  • Request for Qualifications (RFQ) for Commissioning Agent
  • Commissioning Agent Qualifications
  • Retain Commissioning Agent Services
  • Project Lifecycle of the Construction Manager
  • Project Lifecycle of the Design Professional
  • Incorporation of Commissioning into A/E and CM Scope of Services
  • Design Stage
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis for Commissioning
  • Commissioning Agent Costs
  • Establishing Initial Budget for Commissioning
  • Commissioning for Certifications (LEED, Energy Star, etc.)
  • Developing Preliminary Commissioning Plan
  • Defining the Owner's Project Requirements with the Customer Agency
  • Planning Stage
  • The "Total Building Commissioning System&quot
  • Operational Phase of the Project
  • External Auditing
  • Checklists for Reviewers
  • Checklists
  • Importance of Well-Prepared Contracts in Assuring Project Quality
  • Inspection Procedures
  • ISO and Control Work
  • Execution Phase
  • Design Quality Control
  • Quality Considerations of Detailed Study
  • Quality Considerations During FEED (Front-End Engineering and Design) Preliminaries
  • Feasibility Study Stage
  • Project Quality Control in Various Stages
  • Responsibility of the Owner
  • The Responsibility of the Manufacturer
  • Quality Assurance in the ISO
  • Quality Assurance
  • Quality Control Plans
  • Punch List Log
  • Pre-installation Inspection Reports
  • Paperwork/Documentation
  • Inspection During Work-in-Progress
  • When to Inspect Work
  • Performance Tests
  • Plumbing Tests
  • Mortar Testing
  • Concrete Tests
  • Soils Testing
  • Material/Equipment Compliance Tests
  • Methods of Laying Out and Checking Work
  • How to Check Incoming Materials
  • Submittal Data
  • Why Is Quality Control Important?
  • Quality Control
  • Quality Plan
  • Quality Manual
  • Quality Management Requirements
  • The ISO 9000 Standard
  • Quality Management Systems
  • Quality — From Theory to Reality
  • Closeout Report
  • Commercial Evaluation Methods
  • Commercial Evaluation
  • Tender Technical Evaluation
  • The Direct-Order Tender
  • Negotiated Tender
  • Limited Tender
  • Public (Open) Tender
  • Bids and Tenders
  • Arbitration and the Arbitrator
  • General Conditions in Contracts
  • FIDIC Contracts
  • Contracts in ISO
  • The Importance of Contracts for Project Quality Assurance (QA)
  • Contracts Between an Owner and an Engineering Consultancy Office
  • The Cost-Plus Contract
  • The Lump-Sum Contract
  • The Measured Contract
  • Contracts
  • Bidding, Tenders, and Contracts
  • Impact of Operational Efficiency
  • Project Lateness Impact
  • Impact on Increasing Cost
  • Project Cash Flow
  • Cash Flow Calculation
  • "S" Curve
  • Cost Control
  • Work Packages
  • OBS/WBS Matrix
  • Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS)
  • Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
  • Economic Analysis of Project Cost
  • Cost Estimate to Project Control
  • Detailed Cost
  • Steel Structure Cost Estimate
  • Parametric Estimates
  • Analogous Estimates
  • Bottom-Up Estimates
  • Top-Down Estimates
  • Cost Estimate
  • Cost Types
  • Cost Management
  • Approval of the Design
  • Change in the Design
  • Design Verification
  • Inputs and Outputs of the Design Phase
  • Quality Control in the Design Phase
  • Information Transfer
  • Document and Information Transfer
  • Relation Between Project Parties
  • Example
  • Allocate Resources to Project Plan
  • Managing the Team
  • Team Member Selection
  • Administrative Organization for Total Quality Management
  • Project Manager as a Leader
  • Roles and Responsibilities of the Project Manager
  • Selecting the Best Organization
  • Matrix Organization
  • Independent Project Organization
  • Project Organization as Part of the Company
  • Types of Organization
  • Project Organization
  • Resource Management
  • Planning Overview
  • Statistics Calculation for Activity Time
  • Application of the PERT Method
  • Example
  • Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
  • Critical Path Method (CPM)
  • Precedence Diagram Method (PDM)
  • Arrow Diagram Method (ADM)
  • Gantt Chart
  • Time Schedule Preparation
  • Calculating the Activity Time Period
  • Expected Activity Time Period
  • Responsibilities of the Team
  • Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
  • Starting the Plan
  • Plan Single Point of Accountability (SPA)
  • Time Planning
  • Risk Adjusted Value (RAY)
  • Monte-Carlo Simulation Technique
  • Decision Tree
  • Chi-Square Test
  • Choosing the Appropriate Probability Distribution
  • Uniform Distribution
  • Triangular Distribution
  • Distribution for Uncertainty Parameters
  • Pareto Distribution
  • Extreme Value (Gumbel Distribution)
  • Logistic Distribution
  • Gamma Distribution
  • Weibull Distribution (Rayleigh Distribution)
  • Poisson Distribution
  • Binominal Distribution
  • Log Normal Distribution
  • Normal Distribution
  • Probability Distribution of Variables
  • Economic Risk Assessment
  • Payout Method
  • Minimum Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
  • Inflation Rate
  • Method of Net Present Value (NPV)
  • 3.2.15 Service-Out Method
  • Sum-of-the-Year-Digits
  • Declining-Balance Method
  • Straight-Line Method
  • Depreciation Methods
  • Project Cash Flow
  • Economic Risk Analysis
  • Project Manager Skill
  • Performance Evaluation
  • Comparing Between Actual Work and Master Plan Cost
  • Cost Follow up
  • Schedule Follow Up
  • Accept the Master Plan
  • Evaluate the Master Plan
  • Define the Cost
  • Define the Available Resources
  • Define the Time Frame
  • Define the Scope of Work
  • Define the Project Target
  • Project Management Tasks
  • Project Procurement Management
  • Project Risk Management
  • Project Communications Management
  • Project Human Resource Management
  • Project Quality Management
  • Project Cost Management
  • Project Time Management
  • Project Scope Management
  • Project Integration Management
  • Project Management Goals
  • Is this Project Successful?
  • Commissioning and Startup
  • Execution Phase
  • Design Management
  • Who Is Responsible for this Document?
  • When Is the Reasonable Time?
  • How Can We Implement this Document?
  • Why Is It Important?
  • DSP Reference Document
  • DSP Notification Document
  • Executive Summary
  • What is the DSP?
  • Decision Support Package
  • Detail Engineering
  • Feed (Preliminary) Engineering
  • Feasibility Study
  • Getting to the Scope Baseline
  • Initiation of the Project
  • Project Life Cycle
  • Project Characteristics
  • Project Management
  • Introduction
  • Construction. Management for. Industrial Projects
• Category: Decor
  • To refresh an interior by means of covers on furniture
  • Ah, these fine stained-glass windows …
  • Trafaretny list
  • In the house, where carved palisade
  • Global gardening or what should be ecologically spotless house
  • My wild beasts …
  • New and original: textiles in your house
  • Chair in an evening dress
  • From history of art molding
  • Ornament will be that stirs all
  • The technician of a stained-glass window – we read to touch to fine …
  • Picture... at a window?
  • Comfortable house. Candles
  • 100 times try on, and once – paste!
  • Dressing of walls by a fabric
  • Window fashion
  • Marble or tree only paint.
  • House fountains
  • Artificial flowers.
  • Mosaic from pebble
  • You have many old ball pens? To throw out or use?
  • Flora and fauna tandem in the house apartment
  • Plants in an office
  • Flower compositions. Landing councils.
  • Vase, «lying on one side»
  • Flower compositions.
  • Spring ball of fabrics, tyuly, furs, wall-paper: On April 9
  • again about a mosaic. Infinite possibilities.
  • Winter garden, winter garden...
  • Manufacturing of decorative products from plaster without the aid of others.
  • There will be a furniture with … starfishes
  • «New equipment in drawing»
  • «Beze» in an interior of apartments
  • Scenery from prosechny metal
  • Flowers in the house
  • The pool with a fountain - the semantic and visual center of all house
  • Hours and fan – that between them the general?
  • To rise in the afternoon together with … a flower
  • Include … a pillow!
  • Fabric ролеты
  • New clothes for walls
  • What it is possible to do with a heap of old disks? 😉
  • Your feature in comfortable details of a house situation
  • Lighting devices the hands
  • Koshkin house
  • World behind the looking-glass
  • The decoupage
  • Mirrors in an interior (on feng shui)
  • Magic stones on a wall. We add a highlight.
  • Pith covering – a panel on a wall
  • Rolled curtains
  • Guess, what is it?
  • The Roman curtains - a delicacy of your house!
  • Both a room to decorate, and clothes to hang out
  • Creation wall «an ancient fresco» the hands
  • Small keeper of keys
  • Bed decor «cardboard boxes»
  • The unique support for flowers, will decorate any drawing room.
  • Embroidery in an interior
  • Comfortable house. Plaids
  • New screens – though to the apartment, though in an office!
  • Akvatorialny room
  • Curtains - we open an essence.
  • Curtains
• Category: DEWATERING AND GROUNDWATER CONTROL
  • Example of type B-3 specifications (dewatering)
  • Well discharge header system
  • Measurement and payment
  • Operation and maintenance of dewatering and surface water control systems
  • Dewatering system flow
  • Piezometers
  • Monitoring dewatering systems
  • Surface water control
  • Materials
  • Installation of jet-eductor wells
  • Jet-eductor well system
  • Pumping test on the dewatering systems
  • Equipment and та terials
  • Installation of well screen and riser
  • Installation of wells
  • Deep-well dewatering system
  • The Red River flows along and around a por­
  • Example of type B-2 specifications (dewatering and pressure relief)
  • Wellpoint and pressure relief systems
  • Example of type B-l specifications (dewatering and pressure relief)
  • Payment
  • Dewatering sys tern
  • Dewatering
  • Example of type A-l specifications (dewatering)
  • EXAMPLES OF DETAILED DEWATERING SPECIFICATIONS
  • Open channel flows
  • WELL AND TOTAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS
  • TRANSFORMATION OF ANISOTROPIC SOIL CONDITIONS. TO ISOTROPIC SOIL CONDITIONS
  • EXAMPLES OF DESIGN OF DEWATERING AND. PRESSURE RELIEF SYSTEMS
  • Step-drawdown pump test
  • C-3. Equilibrium pumping test
  • Geneml test procedures
  • Pumps
  • Nonequilibrium-type test
  • FIELD PUMPING TESTS
  • Type B specifications
  • Types of specifications
  • CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS
  • Wellpoint systems
  • CHAPTER6OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE CONTROL
  • Hollow-stem auger method
  • Piezometers
  • Cement and chemical grout curtains
  • Wellpoint systems
  • INSTALLATION OF DEWATERING AND GROUNDWATER CONTROL SYSTEMS
  • Control of surface water
  • Freezing
  • Dewatering shafts and tunnels
  • Deep-well systems
  • Electroosmosis
  • Header pipe
  • Deep-well pumps
  • Numerical analyses
  • Electrical analogy seepage models
  • Flow-net analyses
  • Flow to wells from a circular source
  • Flow to a drainage slot
  • Well or screen репе tration W/D
  • Mathematical and model analyses
  • DESIGN OF DEWATERING, PRESSURE feELIEF, AND GROUNDWATER CONTROL SYSTEMS
  • Groundwater characteristics
  • Soil testing
  • Delineatethesoilstratification
  • GEOLOGIC, SOIL, AND GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS
  • Selection of dewatering system
  • 818-6/AFM 88-32 and NAVFAC DM 7.3
  • Deep-well systems
  • STAINLESS STEEL DUTCH 'WEAVE SCREEN
  • Sumps and ditches
  • Types and source of seepage
  • METHODS FOR DEWATERING. PRESSURE RELIEF,. AND SEEPAGE CUTOFF
  • Permanent groundwater control
  • Construction dewatering
• Category: Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives
  • Laboratory Testing
  • Accelerated Weathering
  • Results and Discussion
  • Laboratory Testing
  • Accelerated Weathering
  • Tilt-Up Warehouse Exposures
  • Experimental Methods
  • Field Performance and Accelerated Weathering of High Performance Acrylic and Polyurethane Sealants for Tilt-Up Applications
  • Comparison between Water Penetration Test Results of Vertical and Horizontal Joints
  • Water Penetration Test Results for Horizontal Joint
  • Water Penetration Test Results for Vertical Joint
  • Crack Width Related to Joint Movement and Crack Length
  • Test Methods
  • Test Parameters
  • Test Specimen
  • Test Apparatus
  • Approach and Description of Test Apparatus, Specimen, and Methods
  • Overview of Approach
  • Characteristics of Climate Loads
  • Defects in Buildings Envelopes and Jointing Systems
  • Water Penetration of Cladding Components—Results from Laboratory Tests on Simulated Sealed Vertical and Horizontal Joints of Wall Cladding
  • Test Results
  • Materials, Specimens, and Test Methods
  • Development of Accelerated Aging Test Methodology and Specimen for Bonded CFRP Systems
  • Outdoor
  • Statically Strained Samples
  • Results and Discussion
  • Experimental Design
  • Instrumentation
  • Characterization
  • Effect of Strain on the Modulus of Sealants Exposed to the Outdoors
  • Controlled-Stress Cyclic Deformation
  • Shear Deformation
  • Instruments
  • Materials
  • Rheometry
  • Using Rheology Test Methods to Assess Durability of Cured Elastomers Undergoing Cyclic Deformation
  • Dependency of QS-Value on Geographic Exposure Location
  • Test Results
  • Evaluation
  • Outdoor Exposure Conditions
  • Experimental Procedures
  • Quantification of Effect of Enforced Cyclic Movement and Regional Exposure Factors on Weatherability of Construction Sealants
  • Discussion
  • Results
  • Mechanical Test Procedure
  • Artificial Accelerated Weathering
  • Test Specimen Configurations
  • Overview of Test Program and Sealants Tested
  • Bomb Blast Mitigating Glazing Design
  • Bomb Blast Characteristics
  • Evaluation of Silicone Sealants at High Movement Rates Relevant to Bomb Mitigating Window and Curtainwall Design
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Other Bonding Geometries of Interest: L - and E-types
  • T-type Bonding Geometries without and with Degradation
  • U-type Bonding Geometries without and with Degradation
  • Adhesive Material Test Results
  • Durability by Design: New Results on Load-Carrying Silicone Bonding
  • Acknowledgments
  • Summary and Outlook
  • Results and Discussion
  • Preparation of Test Specimens
  • Adhesively Bonded Specimen for Accelerated Testing
  • Combined Test Cycles
  • Hygrothermal Testing
  • Accelerated Aging
  • Durability of Ultra-High Performance Concrete and Adhesively Bonded Joints
  • Selection of Adhesives and Ultra-High Performance Concrete Composition
  • Pretreatment of UHPC Surfaces
  • Adhesives
  • Ultra-High Performance Concrete
  • Resistance of Adhesive Bonding of Ultra-High Performance Concrete to Hygrothermal, Corrosive, and Freeze-Thaw Cycling Environments
  • Error and Bias
  • Findings
  • Observations
  • Experimental Method
  • Residue Removal Tests
  • Observations of Plasticizer Performance
  • Cleaning Silicone Residue from Glass
  • Arrhenius Testing
  • ATR-FTIR Analysis
  • PH Paper Testing
  • Experimental
  • Results and Discussion
  • Study of Wetting and Drying Phases of Concrete
  • Adhesion Development of Organic and Silicone Sealants on Wet and Dry Concrete
  • Guidelines for the Use of New Substrates in Structural Silicone Attachment
  • Discussion of Results
  • Experimental
  • Substrate Durability Guidelines Used in Silicone Structural Attachment
  • Hydrophobic Contamination
  • UV Resistance of Adhesion on SCG
  • Self-Cleaning Glass Glazing Sealant Application
  • Oil Resistance
  • Nonstaining Behavior Adjacent to the Joint
  • Compliance with Standards
  • Surface Weatherability
  • Adhesion Durability on Glass Exposed to Strong UV Irradiance
  • Durability Potential of STPA Based Sealants
  • Brief History of Silyl Terminated Polyether (STPE) Sealants
  • Evaluation of the Durability Potential of Silyl Terminated Polyacrylate Based Construction Sealant
  • Sealants Studied
  • Detailed Procedure
  • Testing Methodology
  • Relative Resistance of Silicone and Si-Hybrid Based Sealants to Alternating Periods of Accelerated Weathering and Thermo-Mechanical Movements
  • Tests on Life-Size Structural Components
  • Tests on Small Bonded Specimens
  • UV and VIS Light Curing Acrylates
  • Experimental Evaluation of Ultraviolet and Visible Light Curing Acrylates for Use in Glass Structures
  • Guidelines for Improving the Reliability of Accelerated Test and Prediction Procedures
  • Examples of Arrhenius and Non-Arrhenius Behavior and Discussion of Possible Root Causes
  • Prediction of Useful Lifetime Based on Temperature Dependency of Moisture-Related Diffusion and Chemical Degradation Processes
  • Improving the Strength of the Interface
  • Methods of Improving the Resistance of Interfacial Adhesion to Water
  • Degradation of the Substrate
  • Degradation of the Interface at the Substrate
  • Effect of Water on Joints
  • Moisture Ingress into Sealed or Bonded Joints
  • Effects of Water Immersion on Building and Civil Engineering Joints and the Use of the Arrhenius Method in Predicting Adhesion Lifetime of Water-Immersed Joints
  • Conclusions and Discussion
  • Observations
  • Results and Discussion
  • Procedures
  • Experimental Considerations
  • New Weathering Test Method for Sealants and Preliminary Experimental Results
  • Thoughts on the Development of Novel Test Concepts
  • Selective Review of Weathering Tests
  • Selective Review of Weathering Tests for Sealants and Thoughts on the Development of Novel Test Concept Based on Simultaneous Weathering and Movement
  • Summary of Observations
  • Results and Observations
  • Hardness
  • Evaluation Methods
  • Description of Sealants
  • Test Panel Configuration and Assembly
  • Test Site Location
  • Long-Term Outdoor Weathering Study of Construction Sealants
  • Conclusions and Outlook
  • Results of System Test and Their Interpretation
  • System Evaluation
  • Methodology for an Improved Evaluation Approach
  • Joint Sealing Systems for Pavements—A New Approach Towards a Performance Related Evaluation of Capability and Durability
  • Evaluation of Results
  • Results
  • Experimental Work
  • An Attempt at Finding a Correlation Between Environmental and Accelerated RILEM TC 139-DBS Weathering for One-Component Polyurethane Sealants Applied on Mortar
  • Closure
  • Field Experience with Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixation
  • Development of New Test Methods and Performance-Based Specifications
  • Factors Influencing the Durability of Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixations
  • Laboratory Testing and Specialized Outdoor Exposure Testing
  • Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers STP1514 Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives: 3rd Volume
• Category: Eco-efficient construction and building materials
  • Some Pratical Cases
  • Eco-Labels and Environmental Product Declarations
  • LCA of Construction and Building Materials
  • Selection Process
  • Bactericidal Capacity
  • Air Pollution Reduction
  • . Self-Cleaning Ability
  • Photocatalytic Applications
  • Composites with Nanoparticles
  • Cementitious Composites with Enhanced Strength and Durability
  • Nanotechnology Achievements
  • Renders for Salt Laden Masonry Substrates
  • Air Lime Mortars with Vegetable Fat
  • . Rehabilitation of Gypsum Plasters
  • Render Rehabilitation
  • Mortars for Concrete Structure Repairs
  • Electrochemical Techniques to Prevent or Reduce Steel Corrosion
  • Concrete Surface Treatments
  • Concrete Conservation and Retrofitting
  • Renders Used in Ancient Buildings
  • Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement
  • Chloride Penetration
  • Carbonation
  • . Sulphate Attack
  • Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
  • Pathology and Durability
  • Durability of Binder Materials
  • Indoor Air Quality
  • Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
  • Non-Renewable Resource Consumption and Waste Generation
  • Eco-Efficiency Aspects
  • Durability
  • Soil Stabilization with Cement
  • Stabilization with Lime
  • . Soil Stabilization
  • Particle Size Correction
  • Properties and Soil Classification
  • Laboratory Tests
  • On-Site Tests
  • Earth Stabilization
  • Compressed Earth Blocks
  • . Adobe
  • Rammed Earth
  • Techniques
  • Earth Construction
  • Fibre Modification
  • Matrix Modification
  • Durability
  • Using Bamboo Rebars
  • Properties of Cement Composites
  • Matrix Characteristics
  • Fibre Characteristics and Properties
  • Cement Composites Reinforced with Vegetable Fibres
  • Shape Optimization
  • Unfired Units
  • Fired-Clay Bricks with Industrial Wastes
  • Masonry Units
  • Toxic Metals Immobilization
  • Reuse of Mine Wastes
  • Durability
  • Mechanical Strength
  • Curing Conditions
  • Constituents Mixing Order
  • Use of Additives
  • Alkaline Activators
  • Blaine Fineness
  • Prime Materials
  • Historical Background
  • Alkali-Activated Binders
  • Magnesium Phosphate Cement
  • Concretes Based on New Binders
  • Self-Sensing Concrete
  • Concrete with Organic Polymers
  • Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes
  • Tyre Rubber Wastes
  • Vegetable Wastes
  • Concrete with Non Reactive Wastes
  • . Influence of Pozzolans on Concrete Performance
  • Tests for the Assessment of Pozzolanic Activity
  • Pozzolans, Pozzolanic Reaction and Pozzolanic Activity
  • Concretes with Pozzolanic By-Products
  • Binders and Concretes
  • Recycling Concrete with a ‘‘Heating and Rubbing Method”
  • Recycling Asbestos-Based Materials
  • Recycling Gypsum-Based Materials
  • On Site-Sorting and Recycling
  • . Selective Demolition and Disassembly
  • C&D Waste Management Plan
  • Regulations
  • Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes
  • Phase Change Materials
  • High. Performance Thermal Insulation Materials
  • Thermal Insulation Materials Based on Natural Materials
  • Materials That Reduce Energy Consumption
  • Embodied Energy
  • Energy
  • Conclusions
  • Leaching and Eco-Toxicity Tests
  • Lead Plumbing
  • Nanoparticles
  • Asbestos-Based Materials
  • Radioactive Materials
  • Materials That Release Toxic Fumes During Fire
  • Plastics and Synthetic Adhesives
  • Paints, Varnishes and Wood Impregnating Agents
  • Toxicity of Construction and Building Materials
  • Eco-Efficient Construction and Building Materials
  • Sustainable Construction
  • Sustainable Development
  • Introduction
• Category: High-Performance Construction Materials
  • Lamb-wave-based approach
  • Vibration-characteristic-based approach
  • Impedance-based approach
  • Application of piezoelectric material to structural health monitoring
  • Shape restoration using superelastic SMAs
  • Application of Active SMA Devices for Structural Vibration Control
  • SMA column anchorage and SMA beam-column connection
  • SMA dampers for bridges
  • SMA braces for frame structures
  • SMA energy dissipation devices
  • SMA isolation devices
  • Application of Passive Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Devices in Structural Vibration Control
  • Applications of Smart Materials and Structures
  • Actuation using magnetorheological fluids
  • Actuation using the shape-memory effect
  • Actuation using electrostrictive and magnetostrictive devices
  • Sensing and actuation using piezoelectric devices
  • Sensing using optical fibers
  • Extrinsically Smart Materials and Structures
  • Self-Healing Materials
  • Self-Actuating Materials
  • Self-sensing polymer-matrix composites
  • Self-sensing cement-matrix composites
  • Self-Sensing Materials
  • Smart Materials and Structures
  • Verifications of models Film Model (Model 1)
  • Effect of Holiday Sizes
  • Assumptions in developing the models
  • Case 2. With chemical reaction
  • Modeling Liquid Transport into Coated Concrete
  • Measurements
  • Water vapor emission test
  • In-situ bonding test
  • Full-scale test
  • CIGMAT CT-3 (modified ASTM C 321)
  • CIGMAT CT-2 (modified ASTM D 4541)
  • Bonding tests
  • Visual inspection
  • NaCl solution (15%)
  • NaCl solution (15%) immersion
  • Laboratory tests
  • Sample preparation
  • Test Methods
  • Coatings and Sealers
  • Sludge dewatering
  • Enhanced evaporation
  • Geosynthetics for combined anaerobic and aerobic lagoons
  • Aerobic (aerated) lagoons
  • Anaerobic lagoons with covers
  • Geosynthetics in wastewater treatment
  • Geosynthetics in landfills
  • Geosynthetics in erosion control
  • Geosynthetics in hydraulic projects
  • Geosynthetics in walls
  • Geosynthetics in slopes over stable foundations
  • Geosynthetics in road engineering
  • Geosynthetics in drainage and filtration
  • Guidelines and Specifications
  • Other functions
  • Erosion control
  • Fluid/Gas (barrier) containment
  • Reinforcement
  • Drainage
  • Filtration
  • Separation
  • Geosynthetics Functions
  • Products
  • Geosynthetics Classification
  • Wovens
  • 7.3.1 Nonwovens
  • Geotextile Structures
  • Geotextile Polymers
  • Geosynthetics — Characteristics and. Applications
  • Recommendations for focused masonry research
  • 6.6 Summary and Recommendations 6.6.1 Summary
  • Cost-effectiveness of masonry in niche markets
  • Cost of masonry to the environment
  • Life-cycle cost of a masonry building
  • Initial cost of masonry to the owner
  • Cost of masonry in the structure
  • Cost of masonry at the job site
  • Manufacturing cost of masonry units
  • Design and specification cost of masonry
  • Cost-Competitiveness of Masonry
  • Concluding remarks on structural performance of masonry under extreme loads
  • Wind resistance of masonry
  • Earthquake resistance of existing masonry
  • 6.4.4.1 Earthquake resistance of new masonry
  • Masonry as structure for extreme loadings
  • Mixed-approach design
  • Effective shear area for non-rectangular cross-sections
  • The 1/3 stress increase
  • Moment magnifiers for masonry beam-columns
  • Minimum and maximum flexural reinforcement
  • Inconsistencies in current design provisions
  • Strength design versus allowable-stress design versus empirical design
  • Introductory remarks to masonry as structure
  • Local appearance of masonry
  • Architectural details
  • Global appearance of masonry
  • Performance of Masonry as Architecture
  • Concluding remarks on masonry as building envelope
  • Resist or accommodate differential movement
  • Resist or transfer externally applied loads
  • Control damage from hail and wind-borne debris
  • Control damage from fire
  • Control of noise
  • Control of humidity
  • Control of the environment inside the envelope (temperature, humidity and noise)
  • Control water vapor
  • Resist liquid water
  • Performance of Masonry as Building Envelope
  • Enhancing the Performance of Masonry. Structures
  • Miscellaneous
  • FRP deck replacement for bridge deck systems
  • Internal reinforcement to concrete members
  • FRP jacketing in confining RC members under axial compression
  • Near surface mounted (NSM) FRP rods
  • Post-tension tendons
  • Seismic retrofit of RC columns
  • Upgrading steel structural members
  • Upgrading Reinforced Concrete (RC) Structural Members
  • External reinforcement to concrete and steel structures using FRP plate bonding
  • ‘All FRP composite ’ structures
  • The Current Developments of Fibre Reinforced Composites in the Civil Infrastructure
  • Preparation of substrate surfaces for Bonding Like and Dissimilar Adherents
  • Adhesive bonding of steel adherents
  • Adhesive bonding of concrete surfaces
  • Adhesives
  • Methods to improve the durability of FRP composite materials in the civil infrastructure
  • 5.4.5 Durability
  • Fibre orientation
  • Properties of advanced polymer composites
  • The resin transfer moulding (RTM)
  • The filament winding technique
  • The pull-winding process
  • The automated processes
  • The hot melt factory-made pre-impregnated fibre (prepreg) (developed for the civil engineering industry)
  • The resin infusion under flexible tooling technique
  • The wet lay-up method
  • Manufacturing methods of advanced thermosetting polymer composites and their properties
  • The relative properties of fibre/matrix materials
  • Advanced Polymer Composites (Using Thermosetting Polymers)
  • Aramidfibre (aromatic polyamide)
  • The carbon fibre
  • The glass fibres
  • The Fibre
  • The mechanical and physical properties of the polymer
  • Unsaturated polyesters (Thermosetting polymers)
  • Vinlyesters (Thermosetting polymers)
  • Epoxies (Thermosetting polymers)
  • The elastomer
  • Thermosetting polymers
  • Thermoplastic polymer
  • Reinforcement Mechanism of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites
  • Advanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer. Composites
  • Example applications of double-core BRBS in Taiwan
  • Application of SPSWs and BRBFs for Seismic-Resistant Structure
  • Pseudo-dynamic tests of a full-scale 3-bay 3-story CFT/BRB composite frame
  • Damage inspection and non-destructive testing of BRBs
  • All-metallic and detachable BRBs
  • Experimental responses of BRBFs
  • Tube-to-tube tie connection designs for DCBRBs
  • Slip resistant bolted connection details in brace end double-tee - to-gusset joints
  • Key mechanical properties of the BRBs
  • Seismic design of BRBF
  • Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame System
  • Experimental responses of buckling restrained SPSWs
  • Seismic design of buckling restrainers
  • Combined linear elastic computer programs and capacity design concept
  • Non-linear push-over analysis
  • Analytical method Strip model
  • Adjacent columns
  • Capacity design ■ Intermediate beams
  • Seismic design of SPSW
  • Steel Plate Shear Wall Building System
  • Non-TMCP high performance structural steel plates
  • ULCB steel HT590
  • Acicular ferrite-type Mn-Mo-Nb APIx70 steel
  • Fire resistant steel SN490CFR
  • Characteristics of high performance steel plates
  • High Performance Structural Steels
  • Structural design and specifications for high performance steel
  • High Performance Steel Material and. Structures for Earthquake Resistant Buildings
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Evolution in performance
  • Typical fiber contend and fiber volume fraction
  • Applications
  • Fiber-Matrix Reinforcing Effectiveness
  • Experimental Observations of Tension, Compression, and Bending Response
  • Surface energy of pull-out
  • Surface Energy in Tension
  • Example: Critical Volume Fraction of Fibers
  • Critical Volume Fraction of Fiber to Achieve Deflection­Hardening Behavior in Bending
  • Critical Volume Fraction of Fiber to Achieve Strain­Hardening Behavior in Tension
  • Summary: Idealized Tensile Response for Modeling
  • General Pull-Out Response - Part III of Fig. 3.10(b)
  • Strain at Maximum Post-Cracking Stress, Spc
  • Case of non-circular fibers
  • Example of 3D orientation
  • Upper bound limit
  • Composite strength assuming all fibers pull-out simultaneously
  • Composite strength assuming all fibers fail simultaneously
  • Maximum Post-Cracking Stress: Composite Strength in Tension, (7 pc
  • Elastic Modulus of the Composite in the Uncracked State
  • Case of non-circular fiber
  • Upper bound stress in composite at cracking of matrix
  • Stress and Strain in Composite at First Cracking of Matrix in Tension, (ccc, scc )
  • Number of Fibers Per Unit Volume and Per Unit Area
  • Assumptions for Modeling and Simplified Model
  • Notation
  • Key Difference Between Fiber Reinforced Cement and Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites for Mechanical Modeling
  • Current range of fiber geometric properties
  • Micro-fibers
  • Fibers for cement and concrete matrices
  • Cement Matrices and Fibers for FRC Composites
  • Strain-hardening and deflection-hardening FRC composites
  • Maximum post-cracking stress or composite strength
  • Stress at first cracking
  • High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement (HPFRC) Composites
  • Definitions
  • High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites
  • Major findings
  • Application of SCC
  • Bridges
  • Qinghai-Tibet Railway
  • High rise buildings
  • Applications of HPC
  • Guidelines and specifications for SCC
  • Performance specifications for HPC
  • Specifications and Guidelines for HPC
  • Aesthetics
  • Long-term durability
  • Deformation
  • Properties of hardened SCC
  • Self-Consolidating Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCFRC)
  • Column segregation (stability)
  • L-Box (passing ability)
  • J-Ring (passing ability)
  • Slump flow/VSI (filling ability/deformability and stability)
  • Testing of SCC
  • Constituents and mixing proportions
  • Self-Consolidating Concrete
  • Fire resistance
  • Wear resistance
  • Frost resistance
  • Corrosion of steel reinforcement in HPC
  • Corrosion in Chloride Solutions
  • Alkali-aggregate reaction
  • Sulphate attack resistance
  • Acid corrosion
  • Transport of chloride ion in HPC
  • Permeability
  • Durability of HPC
  • Creep
  • Shrinkage
  • Stress-strain relationship and modulus of elasticity
  • Strength
  • Properties of High Performance Concrete
  • Mixture proportions for HPC
  • Water
  • Chemical admixtures
  • Aggregate
  • Supplementary cementitious materials
  • Cement
  • Constituents and Mixture Proportions of HPC
  • Definitions of HPC
  • High Performance Concrete
  • Organization of This Book
  • Design Codes and Specifications for Use of High Performance Construction Materials
  • Recent Construction — High Performance Construction Materials
  • High rise concrete buildings
  • Constructions in the 20th century — High rise steel structures/buildings
  • The early industrial age (18th-19th Century)
  • Construction in the Romans times
  • Construction in the Greek Era
  • Construction in ancient Egypt
  • River valley civilizations — The first steps in permanence
  • Introduction
  • Biographical Sketch for each Author
  • High-Performance Construction Materials
• Category: Innovative Materials and Techniques in Concrete Construction
  • Influence of Mesh Dimension
  • Prestressed Concrete Girder with Corrugated Steel Web
  • Experimental Validation
  • Flat Approximated Model for Corrugated Webs
  • Orthotropic Model for the Analysis of Beams with Corrugated Steel Webs
  • Main Aspects of Design
  • Construction Procedure
  • Composite Box Girder Bridge
  • Innovation in Bridge Design and Construction: Composite Box Girder Bridge
  • Application of the Corrugated Steel Webs to Longer Spans
  • Eco-Friendly Bridge
  • Accordion Effect
  • Characteristics of a Bridge with Corrugated Steel Webs
  • Segmental Concrete Bridges with Corrugated Steel Webs
  • Environment for Progress
  • Environmental Needs
  • Construction Methods
  • Performance of Bridge Girders with Corrugated Steel Webs
  • Innovation and Function of Corrugated Steel Web
  • Composite Bridges with Corrugated Steel Webs to Meet Environmental Needs by Innovative Bridge Engineering
  • Outlook
  • The Arctic
  • LNG Terminals
  • Recent Concepts
  • Decommissioning of the Offshore Platforms
  • History and Background
  • Design of Marine Concrete Structures
  • Frost Durability
  • Bond Development in Repair Systems
  • Results and Discussion
  • Frost Durability
  • Bond Development in Repair Systems
  • Experimental Program
  • Robustness of Shrinkage-Compensating Repair Concretes
  • Finite Element Temperature Simulation
  • Water Immersion
  • Microscopy
  • Assessment of the Temperature Profile
  • Residual Strength
  • Concrete Mix
  • Assessment of the Fire Damage of Concrete Members after Fire Exposure
  • Design Through Closed-Form Equations
  • Strain State Before Strengthening
  • Design Example
  • Dimensioning the FRP
  • Design Through Closed-Form Equations
  • Strengthening with Prestressed FRP
  • FRP-Strengthening Design Target
  • Strain State Before Strengthening
  • Stress State Before Strengthening
  • Compatibility
  • Non-dimensional Formulation
  • Geometry and Material Properties
  • ULS Design of Flexural Strengthening with Prestressed FRP
  • The FRP-Prestressing Device
  • Technological Issues
  • Current Research
  • Prestressed FRP Fabrics for Flexural Strengthening of Concrete
  • Test Results
  • Tests on Continuous Beams
  • Failure Modes in Case of Continuous Beams
  • End Shear Failure
  • Curtailment and Anchorage Length Failure
  • Crack Bridging
  • Debonding Mechanisms
  • Moment Redistribution
  • External Strengthening of Continuous RC Beams with CFRP
  • Test Results and Discussion
  • Test Setup and Displacement History
  • Retrofitting
  • Experimental Details
  • Innovative Techniques for Seismic Retrofitting of RC Joints
  • Shear Strengthening of RC Members with LRS FRP Composites
  • Deformability of RC Columns Confined or Internally Shear-Reinforced with LRS FRP Composites Subjected to Seismic Loading
  • Compressive Behaviour of LRS FRP-Confined Concrete
  • Strength and Deformability of Concrete Members Wrapped with Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites with a Large Rupture Strain
  • Two-Way Slabs
  • Flexural Strengthening
  • Shear Strengthening
  • Seismic Retrofitting
  • Confinement
  • Innovative Textile-Based Cementitious Composites for Retrofitting of Concrete Structures
  • Discussion
  • Curvature Distribution
  • Results
  • Test Procedure
  • Measurements
  • Specimens
  • Materials
  • Experimental Program
  • Effect of Steel Fibers on the Flexural Ductility of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Beams
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Main Plates (M-Series)
  • Control Plates (C-Series)
  • Macroscopic Response of the Tested Plates
  • Material Selection and Plate Fabrication
  • Testing Procedure
  • Experimental Program
  • Heterogeneous Fiber-Particle Composite Subjected to Principal Stress Rotation
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Technological and Design Problems
  • Full Scale Structure Tests
  • Composite Beam Specimen test
  • Experimental Investigation
  • Polystyrene
  • Textile Reinforced Mortar
  • High Performance Steel Fibre Cementitious Composite (HPSFRC)
  • Research Significance
  • Sustainable Roof Elements: A Proposal Offered by Cementitious Composites Technology
  • Future Work on Long-Term Properties of FRP Strengthenings
  • Bond along NSM Reinforcement
  • Case Study
  • Design Principles
  • Long Fibres in Concrete
  • Tests with Steel Fibre-Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Beams
  • Performance of Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
  • Short Fibres in Concrete
  • Fibres in Concrete Structures
  • Conclusions
  • Hardened-State Test Results and Discussion
  • Fresh-State Test Results and Discussion
  • LWASCC Mixtures
  • Hardened-State Test Results and Discussion
  • Fresh-State Test Results and Discussion
  • Mortar Mixtures
  • Hardened-State Test Results and Discussion
  • Fresh-State Test Results and Discussion
  • Cement Paste Mixtures
  • Materials
  • Experimental Program
  • Methods for Measuring Packing Density
  • Mix Proportioning Method for Lightweight Aggregate SCC (LWASCC) Based on the Optimum Packing Point Concept
  • Necessary Actions in Promoting Utilization of RCA and RAC
  • Examples of Application
  • Standards and Recommendations
  • RAC Mix Design Example
  • Mix Proportion and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)
  • Production Technologies and Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
  • Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Structural Use - An Overview of Technologies, Properties and Applications
  • CO2 Emission
  • Environmental Assessment of the Use of Admixtures
  • Drying Shrinkage Strain
  • Autogenous Shrinkage Strain
  • Splitting Tensile Strength
  • Hardened Concrete
  • Setting Time
  • Bleeding
  • Amount of AE Agent
  • Results and Discussion
  • Experimentally Measured Properties
  • Production and Mix Proportions of Concrete
  • Outline of Experiments
  • Low-Carbon Concrete Using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash
  • Durability Design
  • Sustainability Design Example 2:1.5 m High Retaining Wall
  • Sustainability Design Example 1: Single Span 40 m Concrete Road Bridge
  • Environmental Impact Calculation (EIC)
  • Sustainability Design Approach
  • Geopolymer Concrete
  • Material Characteristics
  • Sustainability with Ultra-High Performance and Geopolymer Concrete Construction
  • Conclusions and Outlook
  • Analysis of Interactions and Singular Risks
  • Risk Assessment
  • Failure Probability Analysis
  • Failure Analysis
  • Description of the System
  • System Analysis
  • Service Life Prediction of Structural Systems
  • Existing Structure - Cooling Tower
  • Service Life Prediction of Structural Components
  • Lifetime Prediction - Application in Practice
  • Failure Probability and Limit State Function
  • Intended Service Life of Civil Structures
  • Deterioration Process and Limit States
  • Statistical Quantification of Parameters
  • Description of the Deterioration Process
  • Prediction of Lifetime - Background and Basic Principles
  • Prediction of the Durability of Civil Concrete Structures
  • Integrated Concept for Service Life Design of Concrete Structures
  • Summary and Outlook
  • Sustainability
  • Durability
  • Physical Characteristics
  • Deformation Behaviour
  • Strength Characteristics
  • Properties of the Fresh Concrete
  • Mix Design
  • Ultra High Strength Concrete
  • Properties at the Hardened State
  • Composition and Fresh Concrete Properties
  • Stabilizer Type SCC
  • Powder Type SCC
  • Mix Design
  • General
  • New Types of High Performance Concretes - Potentials for Innovations in Concrete Construction
  • Final Remarks
  • Shell Pedestrian Bridge in Madrid
  • Widening of the Los Santos Viaduct in Spain
  • Intesa-San Paolo Tower in Turin
  • New Materials and Construction Techniques in Bridge and Building Design
  • Conclusions
  • Adaptive Wind Fairings?
  • Could Airbags Prevent Structural Collapses Due to Earthquakes?
  • Selected “Non Finito” Challenges for the Future
  • A Selected “Non Finito” Challenge in the Present Time
  • An Example of a Challenge in the Past
  • Non Finito: Challenges in Rehabilitation
  • Innovative Materials and Techniques in Concrete Construction
• Category: Materials & skills for. historic building. conservation
  • Exterior colour on the smaller town house
  • Retention and replacement of historic glass
  • Machine-made glass
  • Plate
  • Cylinder sheet
  • Crown glass
  • Broad sheet or muff glass
  • Window glass
  • Sash windows
  • Reinstatement
  • Building Regulations
  • . Application of daub
  • Preparation of daub
  • The wattle
  • Analysis of daub
  • Replacement
  • Removal of impermeable paints and coatings
  • Maintenance
  • Defects and decay
  • Daub
  • Withies and laths
  • Staves
  • Panel types
  • Wattle and daub
  • Repair techniques
  • Timber as a material
  • Timber
  • Understanding what you see
  • Understanding decay in building timbers
  • Further reading
  • Paint application
  • Rust converters
  • Modern paints
  • Modern coatings
  • Traditional coatings
  • Preparing existing paint
  • Surface preparation
  • Stitching
  • Carbon - or glass-fibre repair and strengthening
  • Studding
  • Plating
  • Cold repair techniques
  • Hot set riveting
  • Soldering and welding processes
  • Hot repair techniques
  • Conservation strategy
  • Non-destructive investigation techniques
  • Condition
  • Paint sampling
  • Measurement
  • Surveys of metal structures
  • Cathodic protection
  • Corrosion within masonry
  • Corrosion and mechanical damage in water
  • Corrosion of exposed iron and steel
  • Coating iron and steel
  • Bimetallic corrosion and sacrificial protection
  • Corrosion
  • Shaping and working steel
  • Shaping and working wrought iron
  • Shaping and working cast iron
  • Distinguishing cast and wrought iron and steel by inspection and by testing
  • Properties of iron and steel
  • Cast iron, wrought iron and steel
  • Glossary of various roofing terms
  • Metamorphic slate
  • Pantiles
  • Spanish and Roman tiles
  • Limestones
  • Sandstones
  • General random slating method
  • Stone slates
  • Stone slate, clay tile and metamorphic slate
  • Concrete blocks
  • Precast concrete
  • Concrete finishes
  • Placing of reinforcement and concrete, and curing
  • Formwork
  • Corrosion-resistant reinforcement
  • Prestressing
  • Reinforcement
  • Cover and the durability of reinforcement
  • The beginnings of reinforced concrete
  • Early Portland cement
  • Eighteenth-century development of lime-based mortars and Roman cement
  • Earliest use of concrete
  • Concrete and reinforced concrete
  • A warning of the realities of reintroducing lime in building
  • Case study 4: Acton Court, Iron Acton, near Bristol: repairs to paved floor
  • Case study 3: Broadfield Court, Bodenham, Herefordshire: mortar repairs to stone
  • Case study 2: Woolgatherers, Coxwell Street, Cirencester: repairs to rubblework surface
  • Case study 1: Church House, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: repairs to roughcast render
  • Case studies of lime-based repair to historic fabric
  • Roughcasting (also termed harling, or wet-dash)
  • Top coat (also termed setting coat, or finish coat)
  • Second coat (also termed floating coat, or straightening coat)
  • Plastering
  • The various applications
  • Aftercare and protection
  • Dampening the substrate and keeping the work damp
  • Preparation of mortars and access to materials on site
  • Best site practice
  • Public relations
  • Seasonal timing
  • Specifying
  • Training
  • Choosing the right contractor
  • Particle cleanliness
  • Particle geology
  • Particle colour
  • Particle shape
  • Procurement of materials: limes
  • Planning a project
  • How to use lime
  • Some advantages of lime
  • Some disadvantages of lime
  • Flexibility
  • Choice of mortars and plasters
  • Why use lime?
  • Pozzolanic additives
  • Hybrid mixes
  • Hydraulic limes
  • Hydrated lime
  • What is lime?
  • Lime-based plasters, renders and washes
  • Use grouting and remedial fixings
  • Cut out and rebuild
  • Rake out and repoint
  • Do nothing
  • Structural failures
  • Assessment objectives
  • Failures resulting from poor design or neglect
  • Brickwork
  • Sourcing the material
  • Conservation techniques
  • Assessment techniques and deterioration issues
  • History of technology and building use
  • Robert Cotta
  • Damage due to stresses placed upon stone
  • Inappropriate repairs
  • Incorrect bedding
  • The effects of water and salts
  • Processes of weathering and decay
  • Rates of decay
  • Ian Williams
  • Further reading
  • Techniques to restore, consolidate or improve condition
  • Assessment techniques
  • Chemical agents that degrade oolitic limestone
  • David McLaughlin
  • Stone
  • The philosophy of repair
  • Contributors
  • Materials & skills for. historic building. conservation
• Category: Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering
  • Rganic Coatings
  • Specifications
  • Applications
  • Standards
  • Performance and Durability
  • Standards
  • Process Control
  • Standards
  • Surface Preparation
  • Metal Structures
  • Timber Structures
  • Bonded Connection Design
  • Metal Structures
  • Timber Structures
  • Standards, Regulations and Other Useful Bibliography
  • Future Developments
  • Applications
  • Performance and Durability
  • Process Control
  • Fabrication of the Connection
  • Preparation of Surfaces to Be Bonded
  • Design of the Bonded Connection
  • Selection of the Bonding System
  • Bonded Connection
  • Explanatory Theories
  • Adhesion
  • Characteristics
  • Additional Classifications
  • Cost
  • Durability
  • Substrate and Type of Environment
  • Physical Form and Type of Curing/Setting
  • Field of Application
  • Chemical Composition
  • Adhesives
  • Disadvantages
  • Advantages
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Adhesives
  • Fundamental Definitions
  • Structural Adhesives
  • Prevention Methods
  • Electrochemical Methods
  • Monitoring
  • Prevention/Remediation
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • The Chloride Ion
  • Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Rebars
  • Organic Coatings
  • Nonmetallic Inorganic Coatings
  • Metallic Coatings
  • Coatings
  • Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
  • Cathodic Protection by Sacrificial Anodes
  • Modifying the System Potential (Cathodic Protection)
  • Changing the Corrosive Environment
  • Design
  • Materials Selection
  • Anticorrosive Protection Methods
  • Corrosion of Stone
  • Polymer Corrosion
  • Biological Corrosion
  • Environmentally Induced Cracking
  • Intergranular Corrosion
  • Selective Leaching
  • Filiform Corrosion
  • Crevice Corrosion
  • Pitting Corrosion
  • Galvanic Corrosion
  • Uniform Corrosion
  • Types of Corrosion
  • Thermodynamic Stability and Potential-pH Diagrams
  • Passivity
  • Anodes and Cathodes in Corrosion Cells
  • Electrochemical Reactions
  • Corrosion Basics
  • Importance and Costs of Corrosion
  • Definition of Corrosion
  • Corrosion
  • Introduction to Nanomaterials
  • Nanotechnology and Toxicity
  • Building Materials with Photovoltaic Properties
  • Antibacterial Paints and Coatings
  • Building Materials with Antibacterial Properties
  • Self-Healing Cement
  • Self-Healing Methods
  • Aqueous Coatings with Self-Cleaning Qualities
  • Self-Cleaning Steel
  • Ceramic Surfaces with Self-Cleaning Qualities
  • Self-Cleaning Glass
  • Self-Cleaning Mortars
  • Eco-Active Building Materials (Removing Pollution, Antibacterial, and Self-Cleaning Properties)
  • Coated Glasses
  • Hardened Metals with Nanodispersion
  • Nanoparticles in Pavement
  • Civil Engineering Nanomaterials: Case Studies
  • Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches
  • Size-Dependent Properties
  • Friction Forces
  • Gravitational Force Versus van der Waals Force
  • Scales Law
  • Oxidation and Passivation
  • Surface Relaxation and Restructuring
  • Sintering
  • Ostwald Ripening
  • Motivation to Growth
  • Thermodynamic Stability, Instability, and Metastability
  • Lattice Mismatch or Misfit
  • Heterogeneous Nucleation and Growth
  • Physical Chemistry: Few Concepts
  • Lattice Parameter
  • Magic Numbers
  • Polyhedral Nanoparticles
  • Spherical Nanoparticles
  • Shape Matters
  • Nanomaterials in Nature
  • Nanotechnology in Art History
  • Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
  • Nanomaterials
  • Future Cork Products for the Civil Construction Industry
  • Ecological Aspects
  • Ecological Aspects Related to Cork Products Reuse and Recycling
  • Cork Products in the Context of Construction Products Directive
  • Maintenance and Cleaning
  • Usage Methods
  • Standardisation for Cork Products for Construction
  • Granulated and Regranulated Cork
  • Agglomerated Cork for Expansion Joints
  • Agglomerated Cork for Vibration Insulation
  • Agglomerated Cork for Sound and Thermal Insulation
  • Cork Products and Their Physical and Mechanical Characteristics
  • Chemical Composition of Cork
  • Microscopic Structure of Cork
  • Structure and Composition of Cork Macroscopic Structure of Cork
  • Manufacturing Cork Products for Civil Construction
  • Raw Materials of Cork
  • Introduction What Is Cork?
  • Wood-Based Products and Their Applications
  • Conservation and Protection of Wood
  • Insects of Dry Wood
  • Subterranean Termites
  • Fungi
  • Wood Deterioration by Biological Agents
  • Fire
  • Weathering
  • Wood Deterioration by Physical and Chemical Agents
  • Characteristic Strength Values and Design Strength Values
  • Visual Strength Grades and Strength Classes
  • Mechanical Strength Sorting and Visual Strength Grading
  • Load Carrying Capacity of Wood Factors Influencing Wood Mechanical Properties
  • Specification and Verification of Moisture Content
  • Precautions for the Use of Wood
  • Moisture Content and Equilibrium Moisture Content
  • Dimensional Stability and Warp Formation
  • Hygroscopicity and Moisture Content Wood Moisture and Shrinkage
  • Variability of the Wood
  • Anisotropy
  • Sapwood and Heartwood
  • Earlywood and Latewood
  • Softwoods and Hardwoods
  • Introduction
  • Regulation for FRP Strengthening Systems
  • Application Process of FRP Strengthening Systems
  • Field of Application of FRP Strengthening Systems
  • Advantages and Difficulties in the Use of FRP Strengthening Systems
  • Typical Properties of FRP Strengthening Systems
  • FRP Strengthening Systems
  • Regulation for FRP Rebars
  • Application Process of FRP Rebars
  • Field of Application of FRP Rebars
  • Advantages and Difficulties in the Use of FRP Rebars
  • Typical Properties of FRP Rebars
  • FRP Rebars
  • Regulation for GFRP Pultruded Profiles
  • Connections Between GFRP Pultruded Profiles
  • Examples in Rehabilitation
  • Examples in New Construction
  • Field of Application of GFRP Pultruded Profiles
  • Advantages and Difficulties in the Use of GFRP Pultruded Profiles
  • Typical Properties of GFRP Pultruded Profiles
  • GFRP Pultruded Profiles
  • Fire Behaviour of FRP Materials
  • Sustainability of FRP Materials
  • Durability of FRP Materials
  • All-FRP Structures
  • New Hybrid Structures
  • Repair and Strengthening of Existing Structures
  • Rebars for Internal Reinforcement of New Structures
  • Field of Application of FRP Materials in Civil Construction
  • Other Processes
  • Hand Layup
  • Pultrusion
  • Manufacturing Processes
  • Philosophy in the Development of FRP Composites
  • Additives
  • Fillers
  • Polymerization Agents
  • Resins
  • Polymeric Matrices
  • Constituent Materials
  • General Properties of FRP Materials
  • The Use of FRP Materials Throughout History
  • Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
  • Appendix: The Three-Litre House
  • Stability under Gases and Liquids
  • Accelerated Ageing Tests
  • Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
  • Thermal Conductivity
  • Thermal Properties
  • Apparent Density
  • Properties of Cellular Materials
  • Heating by Hysteresis
  • Abrasion Resistance
  • Fatigue Resistance
  • Permanent Deformation
  • Endurance Evaluation
  • Flexural Strength
  • Shear Strength
  • Hardness
  • Compression and Indentation
  • Compressive Strength
  • Resilience and Toughness
  • Tear Resistance
  • Elastic Properties
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Sample/Specimen Preparation
  • Physical Tests
  • Polymer Testing
  • Thermoplastic Elastomers
  • Elastomers
  • Polyurethanes
  • Polystyrene
  • Polyvinylchloride
  • Polypropylene
  • Polyethylene
  • Properties of Selected Polymers
  • Polymers and Construction
  • Classes of Polymeric Materials
  • Polymer Structure
  • Polymers in Building and Construction
  • Life Cycle
  • Conservation, Durability and Maintenance of Stone Construction Products
  • Indirect Fixing Systems
  • Stone Fixing Systems Direct Fixing Systems
  • Stone Construction Products Requirements According to Specific Applications
  • Interior Pavements (Floors and Stairs)
  • Walls (Exterior and Interior)
  • Exterior Pavements (Tiles, Slabs, Setts and Kerbs for Floors and Stairs)
  • Stone Products and Application
  • Representative Physical-Mechanical Properties
  • Methods for Durability Evaluation
  • Methods for Mechanical Properties Evaluation
  • Methods for Physical Properties Evaluation
  • Natural Stone Products Guarantee: Technical Certification
  • CE Marking for Natural Stone Products
  • Physical-Mechanical Properties: Specifications, Standards and Regulation
  • Slate and Other Schists
  • Marble
  • Granite
  • Stone Material Structure
  • Ornamental Stones
  • Glass Preservation and Maintenance
  • Glass Structure and Properties
  • Specific Recommendations for Double Glazing
  • Double Glazing
  • Fire-Retarding Glass
  • Tempered Glass
  • Specific Recommendations for Laminated Glass
  • Properties of Laminated Glass
  • Where It Should Be Used
  • How It Is Produced
  • Safety Glass
  • Where It Should Be Used
  • Self-Cleaning Glass
  • Low-Emission Glass
  • Mirror Glass
  • Anti-reflection Glass
  • Coated Glass
  • Rolled Plate Glass
  • Decorated Glass
  • 8.8.1 Ordinary Glass (Clear Float Glass)
  • Glasses Used in Construction and Architecture
  • Recycling: Life Cycle
  • Cleaning
  • Handling and Storage
  • Removing Condensation from Inside Windows
  • Conservation, Durability and Cleaning
  • Leaching
  • Etching
  • Corrosion
  • Thermal Properties: Heat Transmission
  • Fracture Pattern (Tempered Glass)
  • Fracture Pattern (Annealed Glass)
  • Brittle Fracture
  • Stress and Strain
  • Translucence, Opacity
  • Absorption
  • Scattering
  • Refraction
  • Reflection
  • Optical Properties
  • Glass Properties
  • Flow Chart of Float Glass Production Process
  • Annealing
  • Fourcault-Pittsburgh Glass
  • Colburn-Libbey-Owens Glass
  • Crown Glass
  • Mediaeval Glass
  • Flat Glass-Forming Techniques
  • Glass Technology
  • Raw Materials
  • Zachariasen Rules or Crystallochemical Theory
  • Glass Composition and Structure
  • Glass in Construction and Architecture: Brief History
  • Glass
  • Recovery of Ceramic Waste
  • Problems with Ceramic Tiles
  • CE Marking
  • Testing Standards (EN ISO 10545)
  • Regulations Applicable (Specification and Testing)
  • Extrusion (Semi-wet)
  • Dry Pressing
  • Ceramic Wall and Floor Tiles
  • Variations in Colour [2]
  • Peeling Caused by Ice [2]
  • Accumulation of Moss and Detritus [2]
  • CE Marking
  • Regulations Applicable (Specification and Testing)
  • Clay Roof Tiles
  • Efflorescence and Stains [4]
  • Problems with Clay Bricks
  • CE Marking
  • European Standards EN772
  • European Standard EN771-1
  • Regulations Applicable (Specification and Testing)
  • Clay Bricks
  • Introduction
  • Ceramics
  • Portuguese Standards
  • Summary of Properties
  • Stainless Steels for Welded Construction
  • Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels
  • High Strength Microalloyed Steels
  • Structural Fe-C Steels
  • Main Types of Steel Used in Civil Engineering: Uses and Properties
  • Heat Treatment
  • Work Hardening
  • Optimising Mechanical Properties
  • Microstructure
  • Other Alloy Elements
  • Effects of Alloy Elements
  • Variability of Mechanical Properties
  • Effect of Temperature
  • Toughness, Ductile Fracture and Brittle Fracture
  • Plastic Deformation
  • Elastic Deformation
  • Mechanical Properties
  • The Crystal Structure of Iron
  • Steel for Civil Construction
  • Maintenance, Rehabilitation and Recycling
  • Products and Applications
  • Composition and Properties
  • Water Proofing Systems
  • Bitumen Emulsions
  • Bituminous Binders
  • Bitumen and Bituminous Binders
  • Introduction
  • Bituminous Binders and Mixtures
  • Final Considerations
  • Concrete and Sustainability
  • Plastic Settlement Cracks
  • Honeycombing
  • Scaling
  • Dusting
  • Sand Streaking
  • Bugholes
  • Delamination
  • Blistering
  • Discolouration
  • Concrete Defects Linked with Concreting
  • Controlling and Checking Conformity
  • Curing
  • Compaction
  • Casting
  • Concreting Operations
  • Methods for Concrete Mix Design
  • Specifying Concrete
  • Production, Application and Control
  • Characterisation of Properties Relating to Durability
  • Degradation of the Concrete Itself
  • Degradation Due to Corrosion of the Reinforcements
  • Degradation Mechanisms
  • Durability of Concrete
  • Density
  • Relaxation
  • Creep
  • Shrinkage
  • Poisson's Ratio
  • Modulus of Elasticity
  • Deformability
  • Shear Strength
  • Tensile Strength
  • Compressive Strength
  • Mechanical Strength Properties
  • Properties in Hardened State
  • Other Properties in Fresh State
  • Rheology
  • Factors That Affect Workability
  • Test Methods
  • Concept of Workability
  • Behaviour in Fresh State
  • Properties of Concrete
  • Diversity of Types of Concretes
  • The Diversity of Concrete
  • Fibres
  • Water
  • Admixtures
  • Additions
  • Aggregates
  • Cement
  • Constituents
  • Regulatory Framework
  • Concrete: From Ancient Times to Modernity
  • Historical Overview
  • Concrete with Hydraulic Binders
  • Concrete
  • Books/Magazines/Journals
  • Final Note
  • Standardization
  • Classification of the Maintenance/Repair Techniques
  • Maintenance and Rehabilitation
  • Classification of the Diagnostic Methods
  • Classification of the Causes Associated with the Anomalies
  • Pathology and Diagnosis
  • Application On-Site
  • Constitution
  • Nontraditional Plasters
  • Application On-Site
  • Traditional Gypsum Plasters
  • Mineral Fillers
  • Synthetic Binders
  • Air Lime
  • Gypsum
  • Design and Execution
  • Resistance to the Attachment and Development of Moulds
  • Resistance to Degradation Actions Due to Normal Use of the Spaces (Shocks, Friction, Water and Dirt)
  • Adherence to the Substrate
  • Resistance to Saponification
  • Synthetic Binder-Based Coatings
  • Durability
  • Other Performance Parameters
  • Resistance to the Attachment and Development of Moulds
  • Flexural and Compressive Strength
  • Adherence to the Substrate
  • Planeness, Verticality and Surface Regularity
  • Thickness and Hardness
  • Gypsum-Based Coatings
  • Functional Requirements and Performance Parameters
  • Gypsum Plaster Classification
  • Historic Introduction
  • Gypsum Plasters
  • Standardization
  • Interventions in Renders of Ancient Buildings
  • Classification of the Maintenance/Repair Techniques
  • Maintenance Strategies
  • Classification of Diagnostic Methods
  • Erosion
  • Loss of Cohesion or Disaggregation
  • Loss of Adherence
  • Dirt
  • Biodegradation
  • Efflorescence and Cryptoflorescence
  • Cracking and Fissures
  • The Most Common Anomalies in Renders and Their Probable Causes
  • Pathology and Diagnosis
  • Types of Finish
  • Technology of Manufacturing, Preparation and Application
  • Constituent Coats of Renders
  • General Aspects of Design and Execution of Rendering Mortars
  • Additions
  • Admixtures
  • Aggregates
  • Binders
  • Constituent Materials
  • Design and Execution
  • Durability (Service Life)
  • Surface Condition (Finish)
  • PH and Conductivity Values
  • Soluble Salts Content
  • Chemical Resistance
  • Permeability to Water Vapour
  • Permeability to Water
  • Capillarity
  • Porosity/Porometry
  • Water-Related Performance
  • Surface Resistance
  • Cracking Resistance/Deformation Capacity
  • Internal Mechanical Resistance
  • Adherence to the Substrate
  • Shrinkage
  • Water Retention
  • Workability
  • Performance Parameters and Test Methods
  • Prescriptive Specification/Performance-Based Formulation
  • Functional Requirements and Performance Parameters
  • Simplified Nomenclature Adopted in This Chapter
  • Classification According to the Properties and/or Purpose
  • Classification According to the Binder Type
  • Functional Classification
  • Mortars Classification
  • Historical Introduction
  • Renders
  • Final Remarks
  • Alkali-Activated Cements
  • Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements
  • Aluminous Cements
  • Special Portland Cements
  • Hydraulic Limes
  • Other Hydraulic Binders' Families
  • Blended Cements with Limestone
  • Blended Cements with Cementitious Materials
  • Blended Cements
  • Chemical Degradation Reactions
  • Correlation Microstructure-Properties
  • Hydration
  • Portland Cement
  • Common Cements
  • Hydraulic Binder's Industry Context
  • History of Hydraulic Binders
  • Introduction
  • Hydraulic Binders
  • Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering
• Category: News
  • работа в Великом Новгороде за 3 дня
  • Новости Великого Новгорода
  • Новости Перми
  • The bathroom equipment, helping to protect
  • The mixer measuring a quantity of water
  • Not sink, and work of art!
  • The mixer became even more convenient for kitchen
  • Cylindrical sink – stylishly and ergonomically
  • Fashion on classics непреходяща … even for bathroom equipment
  • Bathroom equipment with a sign of the characteristic of
  • Difficult steel: sink and table-top of
  • Features of an origin of mixers - 1 part
  • Comfortably and esthetically – new sinks of
  • The whole matter is in the relief or about an unusual floor sink of
  • The stiffened stream – an unusual decor of bathroom equipment of
  • Mixer octopus
  • The mixer – business thin!
  • Zigzag mixers it is interesting!
  • Malekhanka to a sink – the small mixer
  • New line of mixers: a fusion in a bathroom
  • Features of an origin of mixers - 1 part
  • Retrobathroom equipment in a modern bathroom
  • Ideal material for sinks of
  • Mixers for a sink and a bath
  • Mixer in width of 5 mm
  • Unusual sinks - in particular picturesque!
  • Sink … without a bottom of
  • Historical Notes
  • Stylishly and perfectly: new mixers
  • Mixers in color
  • Fervent mixers
  • Reliefs and bends. New mixers
  • Mixers from «natural sculptors»
  • To wash in a new way
  • Bathroom equipment in style minimalism – attention to details
  • Really clever touch mixer
  • In a white-white bathroom black-black mixer
  • Modern bathroom equipment for a bathroom
  • Mixers. Everything higher and above
  • The black. Superblack. New models of mixers
  • Catch a wave! The new mixer for guest baths
  • Prestigious dullness in a collection of mixers
  • Bathroom equipment and accessories for bathrooms on though what taste
  • The mixer is sounds brutalno!
  • The mixer examining hands under a microscope
  • Features of an origin of mixers - the 2nd part
  • The mixer without gates
  • Kitchen mixers – it is excellent, in particular and very comfortably!
  • One-lever mixers – originality and elegance
  • Water spiral – the unique mixer
  • Crystal mixers
  • Wash me, please!
  • Mixers with a changing decor
  • Bathroom equipment in gold clothes
  • One-lever mixers
  • Mixer in a rural way
  • The mixer in crystal
  • Yuvelirka for a bathroom
  • Mixer of the last generation
  • Glass or sink?
  • Marble in a bathroom of
  • Sinks. Transparent, as water!
  • Floor sinks – it is simple and with taste of
  • Sinks «under concrete»
  • Minimalist sinks with a relief of
  • List on … to a sink of
  • Ideas for the organization of a working zone in kitchen of
  • Sculptural composition or usual sink?
  • Small suitcase with a wash basin of
  • Morning begins with a coffee cup!
  • Category: Favorites
    • Well very compact bathroom
    • Amusing sinks
  • Category: Interesting
    • Smooth strips and exact sides in design of mixers
    • The mixer with a shower – not the bad decision!
    • Actually as touch, only it is better!
    • Mixers in retrostyle
    • We select bathroom equipment under a tile of
    • Two sinks – two characters of
    • Glass and water – an elegant sink of
    • Unusual collection for kitchen of
    • Minimalism in Japanese style – new bathroom equipment
    • Concrete in color – a new collection of sinks
    • Sink + mirror + curbstone = convenience and functionality of
    • Sink triangle of
    • Bathroom equipment of the last generation of
    • Lets play basketball? New sink of
    • Cheerful bathroom equipment of
    • Patten sinks of
    • Sezam, open! Unusual bathroom equipment of
    • Palette of sinks of
    • Compact sinks sculptures of
    • Mobile wash basin
    • Sinks: attention on plums
    • Bathroom equipment in the Moroccan style
    • Sinks in a charming form
    • Bathroom equipment in gold
  • Category: Latest
    • Visible concrete in a bathroom
    • There is no plum – there is no difficulty!
  • Category: Other
    • Preconditions for installation of a double sink
  • Category: Popular
    • Bathroom equipment in Japanese
    • Bathroom equipment: smooth forms always in a fashion!
    • Table-tops for sinks – in a trend grace
• Category: Others
  • Hовости Уфы
  • Bath from … chocolate
  • Lets organize the sewerage
  • Warmly with a prefix smart. New thermostats
  • Installation — business terrible - the 2nd part
  • We choose curtains in a hall
  • Law
  • Built-in filters of
  • Esthetics and cool in the house
  • Water filters for the house
  • Installation — business terrible - 1 part
  • Drilling of wells on water
  • Geysers - the 2nd part
  • Independent installation of counters
  • Pipes sanitary
  • The friend is learned in … by a bidet of
  • try so...
  • Pissuara: childrens and adult
  • Pump system that these such
  • Wings and water
  • The organic chemistry collapses, not organic chemistry — is sterile!
• Category: Plasticity and Geomechanics
  • Further reading
  • Limit analysis and limiting equilibrium
  • Theorems of limit analysis
  • A uniqueness theorem for elastic-plastic. deformation
  • The associated flow rule
  • Drucker’s stability postulate
  • Extremum principles
  • Principles of virtual work
  • Mohr circles in three dimensions
  • Mohr circles
  • Non-Cartesian coordinate systems
  • Last words
  • Beyond Cam Clay
  • Cam Clay
  • Work hardening for metals
  • Work hardening and modern theories. for soil behaviour
  • The velocity field
  • Effects of gravity
  • Frictional materials
  • Some simple problems
  • Slip line geometries
  • Slip lines
  • Two-dimensional stress states
  • Slip line analysis
  • Non-associated flow and the upper bound theorem
  • Arching
  • Retaining walls
  • Shallow foundation - discussion
  • Shallow foundation - upper bound
  • Shallow foundation - lower bound
  • A vertical cut
  • Discontinuities of stress and deformation
  • The theorems
  • Collapse load theorems
  • The pressuremeter problem
  • A complete stress-strain relationship
  • A loading criterion
  • Non-associated flow
  • Example - plane strain
  • Associated flow rules
  • Normality
  • Plastic flow
  • Example - plane strain
  • The Cambridge models
  • Modifications to Coulomb’s criterion
  • Yield surfaces for metals
  • Principal stress space
  • Yield
  • The triaxial test
  • The oedometer test
  • Indications of inelastic behaviour
  • Plane elasticity
  • Solution of problems in elasticity
  • Values for elastic constants
  • Hooke’s law
  • Elastic and inelastic material behaviour
  • Equilibrium
  • The effective stress principle
  • Mohr circles
  • Principal stresses
  • The stress matrix
  • Forces and tractions
  • Strain compatibility
  • Deformation and strain
  • Sign conventions
  • Soil mechanics and continuum mechanics
  • Stress and strain
  • Preface
  • PLASTICITY AND GEOMECHANICS
• Category: PROCESSING
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Discussion
  • Dynamic Shock Cushioning Testing
  • Correction of the Microstructural Parameter for Anisotropy
  • Compression Testing
  • Validation of Single Parameter Approach for Anisotropic Polyolefin Foams
  • Dynamic Shock Cushioning Testing
  • Compression Testing
  • Validation of the Single Parameter Approach for Polyolefin Foams
  • Falling Dart Impact Tests
  • Dynamic Shock Cushioning Testing
  • Morphology-Mechanical Behavior of Foams
  • Microstructure Density Parameter
  • Foam Anisotropy
  • Cell Size Distribution
  • Foam Structure
  • Morphological Description of Foams
  • Regular Low-Density Foams
  • Microcellular Foams
  • Literature Review
  • The Classical Approach
  • Classical Mechanical Approach
  • The Relationship between Morphology and Mechanical Properties in Thermoplastic Foams
  • Conclusions — Future Perspectives?
  • Chemical Blowing Agent Decomposition (Off-Line)
  • Impact of Screw Configuration on PFA Dissolution
  • Heterogeneous Nucleation
  • Nucleation
  • Plasticization
  • Apparent Effect of Nucleating Agent on Degassing
  • Apparent Effect of Flow on Degassing
  • Solubility
  • Applications of Ultrasounds Related to Foam Processing
  • Off-Line Technique
  • Basics: The Propagation of Sound Waves in Polymers
  • Nucleation
  • Plasticization
  • Solubility
  • Tools for Understanding Foam Extrusion
  • Investigating Foam Processing
  • Conclusions
  • Nucleation and Expansion
  • Solubility
  • Blowing Agent Processing
  • Foam Characterization
  • Monitoring of Gas-Polymer Systems
  • Pathways for PFA Validation
  • Foaming with CBAs
  • Chemical Blowing Agents
  • Blends of Physical Blowing Agents
  • Other PFAs
  • Hydrofluorocarbons
  • Inert Gases
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Physical Blowing Agents
  • . General Requirements for Physical Foaming Agents
  • Nomenclature
  • Historical Perspective
  • Research on Alternative Blowing Agents
  • Conclusions and Outlook
  • Other Physical and Mechanical Properties
  • Dimensional Stability and Expandable Bead Formulations
  • PFA Affinity
  • Open/Closed Cell Content
  • Nucleation, Growth, and Foam Density
  • Strain Hardening and Foamability
  • Customizing Polymer Blends for Foam Processing and Applications
  • Rheology
  • Blend Characteristics
  • Compatibilization
  • Methods of Blending
  • Designing Polymer Blends
  • Miscibility
  • Fundamentals of Polymer Blending
  • Polymer Blending Technology in Foam Processing
  • Conclusions
  • Effects of Temperature, Molecular Weight, and Rate of Deformation on Failure of PS Samples
  • From Liquid to Glass-Like Behavior
  • Homogeneous Deformation: The Considere Criterion
  • Failure and Rupture
  • Effect of Physical Foaming Agent on Extensional Rheology
  • Effect of PFA on Rheological Behavior
  • Controlling the Strain-Hardening Feature
  • Defining Appropriate Rheological Behavior for Foaming
  • Polycarbonate
  • PET
  • PVC
  • Polyolefins
  • Review of Extensional Behavior of Various Foamable Polymers
  • Rheological Models
  • Extensional Rheology
  • Shear Rheology
  • Dynamic Rheology
  • Basic Rheological Concepts
  • Introduction: The Role of Rheology in Foam Processing
  • Rheological Behavior Relevant to Extrusion Foaming
  • Conclusions
  • Retrograde Behavior
  • Diffusion vs. Applications
  • Nucleation and Cell Growth
  • Cell Density
  • Solubility vs. Phase Separation
  • Plasticization
  • Impact on Foam Processing and Foam Properties
  • Investigated Polymer-Gas Systems
  • Experimental Techniques
  • Sorption
  • Mathematical Models
  • Permeation
  • Measurement Methods
  • Non-Fickian Diffusion
  • Fickian Diffusion
  • Models for Prediction
  • Plasticizers and Fillers
  • Polymer Crystallinity Content
  • Structure and Degree of Crosslinking
  • Other Variables Affecting Sorption
  • Glassy and Rubbery State
  • Theories and Mechanisms
  • Solubility and Diffusivity
  • Preface
  • PROCESSING
• Category: Pump equipment
  • To pump out water – it is simple! Automatic pumps
  • Alpha pump. Long-awaited updating
  • The well - the pump
  • The operating pump
• Category: Shower cabins
  • The shower cabin – more compact simply does not happen!
  • Clever shower watering can
  • Shower with a shelf. Two in one
  • Imaginations on the subject of macaroni. Unusual bathroom equipment
  • Falls and rain under a shower
  • Water procedures in classical style
  • Modern shower cabin — bigger comfort and a practicality
  • Shower from … a flower
  • Stylish and universal shower protections
  • Visible shower hose for a decor of a bathroom
  • Spa in soul
  • In water flows and light
  • Round falls
  • Successful shower
  • Water loop
  • Shower pallets on though what taste
  • Invisible shower
  • Shower module: compact and functional
  • Rain shower
  • The pump for shower cabins
  • Plums in the unusual plane
  • Minimalist ladder for a shower
  • Shower + radiator = warmly doubly!
  • Spiritual water procedures
  • Shower in any place
• Category: Small stones
  • Small stones and drains
  • How to master a boggy site. Preparatory work
  • Drains, system of pipes and small stones - the 2nd part
  • Drains, system of pipes and small stones - 1 part
  • We clean drains on a science
  • Small stones on a site - 1 part
  • Water purification in a lavatory
• Category: Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics
  • Case Study: Fracture Mechanics and Reliability Assessment
  • . Fracture Mechanics and Reliability Assessment
  • Case Study: Probability of Failure of a Turbogenerator Rotor
  • Low Cycle Fatigue on Turbogenerators and Probability of Failure
  • Multi-variable Problems: Application of a Most Probable Point Method
  • How to Determine the Manson-Coffin Curve Parameters and Related Distributions
  • How to Determine the Coefficient of Plasticity and the Hardening Exponent of a Material and Related Distributions
  • . How to Linearly Interpolate a Set of Data and How to Account for Their Scatter
  • Distributions and Probability Estimation
  • Normal Probability Plot
  • Histograms for the Graphical Representation of the Results
  • Case Study: Quality Control of Pin Diameters
  • Distributions and Probability Estimation
  • Normal Probability Plot
  • Histograms for the Graphical Representation of the Results
  • Case Study: Probability of Static Failure of a Tensioned Rod
  • Distributions
  • Normal Probability Plot
  • Histograms for the Graphical Representation of the Results
  • Case Study: Height Distribution in a Class of Students
  • Determination of the Distributions of Sets of Data
  • Reliability Models Based on Experiments
  • Case Study: The Paradigm for Pre-clinical Validation of New Implantable Devices
  • Risk Analysis
  • Biomechanical Risk Assessment: Experimental Stress Analysis and Modelling
  • Case Study: Deformations of an Acetabular Cup by Means of Holographic Interferometry
  • Case Study: Bone Strains Caused by Press Fitting of a Hip Stem
  • Case Study: Strain Distribution in the Human Tibia, a Uniform Stress Structure
  • Biomechanical Investigations in Orthopaedics at Different Dimensional Scales
  • Biomechanical Musculoskeletal Models
  • Methods for Measuring Musculoskeletal Kinematics and Dynamics
  • Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System
  • Stress Models in Biomechanics
  • Visual Analysis of Crack Propagation
  • Integration of the Paris Law and Its Criticality
  • Case Study on Sub-critical Crack Growth for Turbine Steels and Design Criteria
  • Models for Sub-critical Fatigue Crack Growth
  • A Case Study on the Temperature Influence on SIF
  • Fracture Mechanics Testing
  • The Specimen Thickness
  • Special Devices
  • Specimens
  • Experimental Equipments
  • Stress Analysis for Brittle Fracture
  • Identification by More Terms of the Strains Series Expansion
  • Identification by the First Term of the Series
  • Identification of the Stress Intensity Factor by Strain Gages
  • Two Circular Co-planar Cracks Interaction
  • Identification of SIF by Holographic Interferometry
  • Linear Least-Squares Newton-Raphson Method
  • Approximation by Linearization
  • A Non-linear Identification Problem
  • Non-coplanar Defects in a Thick Body
  • The Optimization Problem
  • Errors Due to Fitting Data to a Straight Line
  • . SIF Identification by the Simplest Data Extrapolation
  • Identification of SIF by Photoelasticity
  • Case Studies of the Stress Intensity Factor Identification for Internal Cracks
  • Apparent and True Plastic Zone Size
  • Apparent Plastic Zone Size According to the Tresca Criterion
  • Plane Strain State
  • Plane Stress State
  • Apparent Plastic Zone Size According to Von Mises Criterion
  • Crack Tip Plasticity
  • Identification of the Stress Intensity Factor Utilizing More Terms of the Series
  • More Terms of Series Expansion
  • Magnification Factor
  • (No Title)
  • Displacements Close to the Crack Tip
  • The Westergaard Stress Function
  • The Field Equations for the Region Close to the Crack Tip
  • Plane Stress and Plane Strain
  • Crack Loading Modes
  • Elastic Behavior
  • Behavior Classification
  • Elementary Models for Stress Singularities
  • Adopted Solution
  • Functional Analysis of the Fixtures
  • Preventing Loads Misalignments
  • Appearance of the Cracks Directions in Torsional Low Cycle Fatigue
  • With Assigned Loads Sequence
  • Special Equipments for Torsional Tests on Shafts
  • Determination of Cyclic Curve and Fatigue Curve Parameters
  • Special Equipment for Material Characterization in Shear Strain-Controlled Mode
  • Case Study of Notched Shafts in Torsion
  • Effect of Mean Shear Stress
  • Fatigue Curve for Torsional Loads
  • Neuber Model for Torsional Loads
  • Ramberg-Osgood Model for Torsional Loads
  • Torsional Low Cycle Fatigue
  • Case Study of a Damage Evaluation
  • Application of Neuber Hypothesis Without Concentration Factors
  • Damage Per Cycle and Accumulated Damage
  • Cycle Counting Method
  • Model for Variable Amplitudes
  • Influence of the Mean Stress
  • Fatigue Life Model in Strain Controlled Problems
  • Concentration Factors for Variable Loads
  • Model for Material Behavior
  • Repeated Loading in Strain-Controlled Tests
  • Repeated Loading in Stress-Controlled Tests
  • . Strain-Controlled Versus Stress-Controlled Tests
  • Laboratory Testing
  • Experimental Analysis of Local Deformation
  • Local Strain Models for Variable Loads
  • Statistical Analysis of the Results
  • Fatigue Limit for N Exceeding 6
  • Fatigue Limit for N Between 2 and 6
  • Case Study on the Determination of the Local Fatigue Limit of a Mechanical Component
  • Dixon Method
  • Influence of the Surface Finishing
  • Shafts in Bending at a Stress Rate R = — 1
  • Shafts in Bending at a Stress Rate R = 0
  • Macroscopic Fractography as Stress Analysis Tool
  • The Mean Stress Effect
  • Evaluation of the Support Factors and of the Local Fatigue Limits
  • Evaluation of the Relative Stress Gradient at the Reference Points
  • Determination of the Local Strength at Each Reference Point
  • Calculation of the Principal Stresses at a Reference Point
  • Case Study for the Fatigue Assessment at a Three-Dimensional Protrusion in an Excavator Arm
  • Fatigue Assessment of Mechanical Components Through Relative Stress Gradient Theory
  • . Models for the Evaluation of Mean Stress Effect
  • Shot-Peening Treatment for Finding Other n Values
  • Predictive Model Based on Four Points
  • Modeling Support Effect Through Rotating Bending Fatigue Tests: Case Study on Characterization of a Titanium Alloy
  • Slope Modeling of the Local Fatigue Curve
  • Eichlseder Model
  • Model of the Support Factor as a Function of the Relative Stress Gradient
  • Size Effect
  • Dependence of Fatigue Strength on the Support Factor
  • . Relative Stress Gradient for Three Dimensional Bodies
  • Example of Experimental Determination of the Relative Stress Gradient
  • Relative Stress Gradient in Slender Beams
  • Modeling Non-uniform Stress States by Means of the Relative Stress Gradient
  • From Slender to 3D-Bodies
  • Support Factor in Slender Bodies
  • Support Factor
  • Models for the Micro-plasticity Zone
  • Models for Notch Effect
  • Model for Fatigue Behavior
  • Fatigue Data Collection
  • Fatigue Data Processing
  • Tension/Compression Test and Bending Test in One Plane
  • Rotating Bending Test
  • Laboratory Testing
  • Types of Loads
  • Case Study of Fatigue Loads on a Sport Equipment
  • Identification of Variable Loads
  • Stress Analysis for Developing a Theory on High Cycles Fatigue
  • Local Stress Models for Variable Loads
  • Special Equipment for Static Tests
  • Tangential Stress Micro-structural Model
  • Normal Stress Micro-structural Model
  • Elementary Models of Physical Theory of Fracture
  • How Material Behavior Modifies Stress State
  • How Stress Modifies Material Behavior
  • . Experimental Verification of the Neuber Model
  • Models for the Simulation of Constitutive Materials Laws
  • Imposed Displacements and Imposed Forces
  • Stress Beyond the Elastic Limit
  • Concentration Factors for Slender Beams
  • . Elliptic Hole
  • Load in One Direction
  • (No Title)
  • Basic Theoretical Cases: Stress Concentration for Circular Holes in Thin Plates
  • Stress Concentration Factors
  • Case Study of a Reactor Pressure Vessel with Four Nozzles in the Cylindrical Part
  • Case Study of Steam Generator Reactor Head with Four Openings on the Spherical Dome
  • Design by Experiments of Pressure Vessels
  • Hertzian Contact
  • Force at a Point of a Straight Boundary
  • The Illustrative Advantage of a Full Field Analysis
  • Static Stress Models
  • Developing Phenomenological Theories and Problem Solving
  • Case Study: Strain Distribution in the Human Tibia
  • Case Study: Optimization of the Hardware and Software Parameters
  • To Filter, or Not to Filter?
  • Noise of the Input Digital Images
  • Observation Angle
  • Possible Problems Associated with Stereoscopic Matching
  • Theoretical and Practical Problems with DIC
  • Typical Arrangement of a DIC System
  • 3D Correlation
  • Stereoscopic Matching
  • Rectification
  • Stereoscopic Vision
  • 3D Image Correlation
  • Displacements and Strains
  • Operating Principle of 2D Image Correlation
  • Case Study: Optimization of the Speckle Pattern
  • The Speckle Pattern
  • Computation Area (Facet)
  • Operating Principle
  • Overview of Digital Image Correlation
  • Strains from Displacements
  • Order Determination When No Zero Fringe Is Present
  • Displacement Vector Not Lying on Plane ACB
  • Case Study of Displacements Determination in a Transparent Model
  • Displacement Vector Lying on Plane ACB
  • Other Arrangements
  • Description by Means of Ellipses
  • Interference Fringes in a Real Time Hologram
  • Interference Fringes in a Double Exposure Hologram
  • Holographic Interferometry
  • Reconstruction
  • Hologram
  • The Laser Light
  • Holography
  • Introduction to Holographic Interferometry
  • Coating Calibration
  • Strains and Stresses Measurement
  • Measurement of Principal Strains Directions
  • Birefringent Coating Method
  • Determination of Stress State at Points Inside the Model
  • Slices Containing Edges of External Surfaces
  • Stress State on Plane External Surfaces
  • Stress State in Plane External Surfaces and in Planes Perpendicular to the External Surface
  • Overview of the Mold-Making and Casting Technique
  • Limit of Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity
  • Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity: The Frozen Stress Method
  • Material Sensitivity
  • Calibration of Photoelastic Material
  • Stress Freezing
  • Machining
  • Boundary Effects
  • Materials for Photoelastic Models
  • Method of Oblique Incidence
  • Overview of Experimental Methods for Principal Stresses Separation
  • Integration of Equilibrium Equations
  • Determination of Stress sign
  • Shear Stresses and Normal Stresses Difference Determination
  • Principal Stresses Separation
  • Drawing Stress Trajectories from Isoclines
  • Method of Isochromatics Multiplication
  • Senarmont Method
  • Measurement of Fractional Orders by Means of Quarter-Wave Plates
  • Babinet-Soleil Compensator
  • Compensator Made from a Wedge Pre-compressed Bar
  • Determination of Fractional Fringe Orders
  • Isotropic and Singular Points
  • Isoclines
  • Both Polarizer and Analyzer Along the y Axis
  • Polarizer and Analyzer with Crossed Axes
  • Plane Polariscope
  • Polariscopes
  • Optics of Photoelasticity
  • Light Intensity
  • Elliptic Polarized Light
  • Optical System with a Polarizer and a Birefringent Filter
  • Light Treatment in an Optical System
  • Double Refraction or Birefringence
  • . Plane Polarizer
  • Elliptically Polarized Light
  • Circularly Polarized Light
  • Plane Polarized Light
  • Polarized Light
  • Nature of Light
  • Introduction to Photoelasticity
  • Determination of the Damping Factor
  • Lack of Robustness and Precision
  • Regularization of the Six-Degrees Load Cell
  • Statically Indeterminate Cell
  • Statically Determinate Cell
  • Load Cells at Six Degrees of Freedom
  • Loading by the Vertical Force Fz
  • Loading by the Transverse Force Fy
  • Load Cell for Two Forces and One Torsional Moment
  • Loading by the Vertical Force Fz
  • Loading by the Transverse Force Fy
  • Loading by Axial Force Fx
  • Load Cell for Three Forces
  • Load Cells with More Degrees of Freedom
  • Load Cell Calibration
  • Shear Load Cells
  • Ring Load Cells
  • Bending Load Cells
  • Load Cells with Strain Gages Sensors
  • Temperature Response
  • Calibration and Test Results
  • Gage Preparation and Testing
  • Tests on Piezo-Resistive Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Strain Gages
  • Semiconductor Strain Gage
  • Eliminating Cable Effects with Three-Wire Circuit
  • Deformation of a Circular Shaft Subjected to Pure Torsion
  • Axial Strain in Slender Beams
  • Full Bridge
  • Half Bridge
  • Quarter Bridge
  • Bridge Configurations
  • Bridge Excitation
  • Shunt Calibration
  • Wheatstone Bridge
  • RC Circuit Response to a Sinusoidal Input
  • Measurement of Dynamic Strains
  • Potentiometric Circuit
  • Three-Gage (0° 120° 240°) or (0° 60° 120°) Rosettes
  • Three-Gage Rectangular (0° 45° 90°) Rosettes
  • Strain Gage Rosettes
  • Compensation for Thermal Output
  • Influence of a Temperature Variation
  • Transverse Sensitivity and Strain Gage Factor
  • Resistance Values
  • Materials for Metal Strain Gages
  • Relationship Between Strain and Resistance Change
  • Properties of Strain Gages
  • Introduction to the Application of Strain Gages
  • Further Reading
  • Regularization Using Regularization Matrix
  • Regularization Method of Tikhonov-Phillips
  • Systems in Functional Form
  • Pseudo-Inverse Matrix for Under-Posed Problems
  • Inverse Solution for Systems in Matrix Form
  • Quality Indicators of Inverse Solutions
  • Forward and Inverse Problems for Elastic Discretized Structures
  • Rules for Inverse Problems
  • General Rules
  • Premise
  • Introduction to Inverse Problems
  • A Brief Review of the Experimental Methods Utilized in the Book
  • Instructions to Instructors
  • Introduction
  • Experimental Stress Analysis for Materials and Structures
• Category: Steel Structures
  • Impact Load
  • Stainless Steel
  • Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcement
  • Steel Pipe Rack Design
  • Pile Caps
  • Precast and Prestressed Piles
  • Concrete Piles
  • Steel Piles
  • Timber Piles
  • Deep Foundation
  • Surfaces Waves
  • Body Waves
  • Cross-Hole Test
  • Vane Test
  • Cone Penetration Tests
  • Standard Penetration Test
  • Boring Report
  • Boring Depth
  • Spacing of Borings
  • Sampling Methods
  • Wash Borings
  • Soil Boring Methods
  • Organization of Fieldwork
  • Planning the Program
  • Soil Exploration Methods
  • Soil Investigation and Pile Design
  • Installation
  • Launching and Upending Forces
  • Transportation Forces
  • Loadout Forces
  • Lifting Forces
  • Jacket Erection
  • Jacket Assembly
  • Joint Fabrication
  • Fabrication
  • Engineering of Execution
  • Construction Procedures
  • Design Quality Control
  • Cases of Impact Load
  • Cases of Impact Load
  • Calculation of Collision Force
  • Boat Landing
  • Fatigue Analysis
  • Tubular Joint Punching Failure
  • Tubular Joint Calculation
  • Tubular Joint Design
  • Dynamic Structure Analysis
  • In-Place Structure Analysis
  • Bracing System
  • Jacket Design
  • Topside Structures
  • Approximate Design Dimensions
  • Platform Configuration
  • Other Loads
  • Earthquake Load
  • Current Loads
  • Comparison between Wind and Wave Calculation
  • Wave Load
  • Gravity Load
  • Offshore Platform Design Overview
  • Major Steps in Constructing an Offshore Structure
  • Tension Leg Platforms
  • Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading
  • Concrete Gravity Platforms
  • Catwalk
  • Auxiliary Platform
  • Production Platform
  • Self-Contained Platforms
  • Tender Platforms
  • Drilling or Well Protector Platforms
  • Fixed Offshore Platforms
  • Types of Offshore Platforms
  • Overview of Fixed Offshore Structures
  • Inspection Planning for Offshore Structure
  • Development of Consequence
  • Development of Likelihood
  • Risk Matrix
  • RBI Plan for Offshore Structures
  • RBI Maintenance Plan
  • Assessment Process
  • Maintenance Plan
  • Optimization Strategy
  • Expected Total Cost
  • Repair
  • Repair and Inspection Strategy and Optimization
  • Time Required to Deterioration
  • Required Time to Corrosion
  • Capacity Loss in Reinforced Concrete Sections
  • Repair Time
  • Present Value Method
  • Basic Rules of Cost Calculation
  • Economic Study for Maintenance Plan
  • General Precaution
  • Application on Site
  • CFRP Types
  • Using Steel Sections
  • Repair Steps
  • Complete Member Casting
  • Shotcrete
  • Grouted Preplaced Aggregate
  • Casting Way at the Site
  • Manual Method
  • Cement Mortar
  • Polymer Mortar
  • Cleaning the Steel Reinforcement Bars
  • Concrete
  • Cleaning the Concrete Surface and Steel Reinforcement
  • Water Jet
  • Pneumatic Hammer Methods
  • Manual Method
  • Removal of Concrete Cracks
  • Strengthening the Structure
  • Main Steps to Execute Repair
  • Repair of Industrial Structures
  • Bond Strength in Case of Cathodic Protection
  • Cathodic Protection for the Prestressed Concrete
  • A Comparison between Cathodic Protection and Other Methods
  • Follow-Up Precaution
  • Precaution in Anode Design
  • Conductive Layer
  • Vertical Surface Anodes
  • Anode System
  • Source of Impressed Current
  • Cathodic Protection Components and Design Consideration
  • Cathodic Protection
  • Cathodic Protection System
  • Cathodic Protection by Surface Painting
  • Pore Lining
  • Coating and Sealers
  • Sealers and Membranes
  • Protecting Concrete Surfaces
  • Fiber Reinforcement Bars
  • Galvanized Steel Bars
  • Cathodic Inhibitor
  • Anodic Inhibitors
  • Corrosion Inhibitor
  • Methods of Protecting Foundations from Corrosion
  • Structural Assessment
  • Case Study Four: Structural Assessment
  • Case Study Three: Structural Assessment
  • Case Study Two: Structural Assessment
  • Case Study One: Structural Evaluation
  • Chloride Test
  • Measurement of Carbonation Depth
  • Electrical Resistivity Measurement
  • Half-Cell Potential Measurements
  • Concrete Cover Measurements
  • Manual Method
  • Test Methods for Corroded Steel in Concrete
  • Sources of Concrete Failure
  • Comparison between Different Tests
  • Inherent Variations in In Situ Strength
  • Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
  • Rebound Hammer
  • Core Test
  • Concrete Test Data
  • Methods of Structure Assessment
  • Detailed Inspection
  • Chemical Reaction
  • Thermal Stresses
  • Drying Shrinkage
  • Settlement Cracking
  • Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
  • Visual Inspection
  • Collecting Data
  • Preliminary Inspection
  • Assessment of Existing Structures
  • Pretensioning
  • Anchor Design Considerations
  • Calculate Required Embedment Length
  • Allowable Stress Design
  • Ultimate Strength Design
  • Anchor Bolt Strength Design
  • Calculation of Vessel Anchor Bolts
  • Embedment Depth
  • Edge Distance
  • Anchor Bolt Projection
  • Bolt Types, Details, and Layout
  • Coatings and Corrosion
  • Sleeves
  • Washers
  • Anchor Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
  • Anchor Bolt Design
  • Base Plate Design
  • Connection Design
  • Welding in Existing Structures
  • Strength of Welds
  • Welding Symbols
  • Bolts
  • Connections
  • Crane Supports
  • Handrails and Railings
  • Stairway and Ladders
  • Pipe Rack Superstructure Design
  • Design of Beam Column Member (LRFD)
  • Design of Beam Column Member (Allowable Stress Design)
  • Allowable Deflection
  • Lateral Torsion Buckling
  • Beam Design
  • Steps of Preliminary Design
  • Compression Members
  • Slenderness Ratio
  • Tension Members
  • Design Procedure
  • Stress-Strain Behavior of Structural Steel
  • Steel Structures in Industry
  • Pipe Support
  • Footing Design
  • Anchor Bolt Check
  • Pedestal Design
  • Design Data
  • Shear Consideration
  • Top Reinforcement
  • Reinforced Concrete Design
  • Check for Foundation Sliding
  • Check Stability and Sliding
  • Soil Bearing on the Octagon Footing
  • Footing Design
  • Pedestal Design
  • Dead Loads
  • Design Elements
  • Loads Calculation
  • Design Data
  • Footing Design
  • Footing Size
  • Pier Design
  • Pier Size
  • Design Elements
  • Design Criteria
  • Design Data
  • Top Reinforcement
  • Bottom Reinforcement
  • Foundation Design
  • Reinforcement for Piers
  • Anchorage Considerations
  • Pier Design
  • Slide Plates
  • Anchor Bolts
  • Load Combinations
  • Thermal Forces
  • Bundle Pull Load (Exchangers)
  • Earthquake Loads
  • Wind Loads
  • Live Loads
  • Dead Loads
  • Design Procedure
  • Static Equipment Foundation Design
  • Ring Wall Reinforcement
  • Concrete Ring Beam Design
  • Soil Pressure (Uplift Is Present)
  • Soil Bearing
  • Earthquake Stability
  • Wind and Earthquake Stability and Pressures
  • Ring Beam Design Consideration
  • Piping Flexibility
  • Design Basis for Small Tanks
  • Load Combination
  • Tank Design Loads
  • Self-Supporting Dome and Umbrella Roofs
  • Self-Supporting Cone Roofs
  • Supported Cone Roofs
  • Allowable Stresses
  • Roof System
  • Calculation of Thickness by the Variable-Design-Point Method
  • Calculation of Thickness by the 1-Foot Method
  • Allowable Stress
  • Shell Design
  • Annular Bottom Plates
  • Bottom Plates
  • Tank Capacity
  • Steel Storage Tank
  • Check Stability against Bearing Capacity
  • . Check Stability against Sliding
  • Check Stability against Overturning
  • Preliminary Retaining Wall Dimensions
  • Retaining Wall
  • Circular Tank
  • Rectangular Wall—Concrete
  • Concrete Storage Tanks
  • Storage Tank Design
  • Design Checklist
  • Grouting
  • Inertia Block Bolt or Pad Mounting Bolt Installation
  • Spring and Rubber Mounts
  • Isolating Liners
  • Vibration Isolation
  • Soil Parameter
  • Foundation Dynamic Analysis
  • Trial Foundation Sizing Guidelines
  • Foundation Design
  • Machine Requirements
  • Design of Foundations for Vibrating Equipment
  • Test Combinations
  • Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Design
  • Horizontal Vessels and Heat Exchangers
  • Vertical Vessels
  • Load Combinations
  • Wind on Ice-Covered Structures
  • Design Ice Thickness for Freezing Rain
  • Loads due to Freezing Rain
  • Site-Specific Studies
  • Ice Loads
  • Bundle Pull Load
  • Thermal Loads
  • Impact Loads
  • Design Review for Seismic Loads
  • Flexibility of Piping Attachments
  • Rigid Nonbuilding Structures
  • Design Basis
  • Building and Nonbuilding Structures
  • General Precaution
  • Boilers and Pressure Vessels
  • Piping Systems
  • HVAC Ductwork
  • Mechanical and Electrical Component Period
  • Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components Systems
  • Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
  • Earthquake Loads
  • Design Load Cases
  • Open-Frame Load
  • Open-Frame Structures
  • Wind Loads on Pipe Racks and Open-Frame Structures
  • Basic Wind Load Formula
  • Wind Loads
  • Live Loads
  • Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads
  • Pipe Rack
  • General Design Loads
  • Dead Load
  • Loads
  • Loads on Industrial Structures
  • Qualitative Risk Assessment
  • Defining Risk Using Quantitative Risk Assessment
  • Risk Assessment
  • Project Risks
  • Project Risk Management
  • Impact of Operation Efficiency
  • Project Late Impact
  • Impact on Increasing Cost
  • Cash Flow during the Project
  • Cash Flow Calculation
  • The Cost Curve
  • Cost Control
  • Work Packages
  • OBS and WBS Matrix
  • Organization Breakdown Structure
  • Work Breakdo wn Structure
  • Economic Analysis of Project Cost
  • Cost Estimate to Project Control
  • Tendering Cost Estimate
  • Steel Structure Cost Estimate
  • Construction Cost Estimate
  • 2.10 Cost Management
  • Example
  • Statistical Calculation of Activity Time
  • Applications for the PERT Method
  • Example
  • Program Evaluation and Review Technique
  • Critical Path Method
  • Gantt Chart
  • Precedence Diagram
  • Arrow Diagram
  • Time Schedule Preparation
  • Calculating Time Required for an Activity
  • Estimating Time Required for an Activity
  • Responsibilities of the Planning Team
  • Work Breakdown Structure
  • Where Do You Start the Plan?
  • Who Will Make the Plan?
  • Project Planning
  • Project Manager Skill
  • Project Management Tasks
  • Is This Project Successful?
  • Commissioning and Start-Up
  • Execution Phase
  • Design Management
  • Detail Engineering
  • FEED (Preliminary) Engineering
  • Project Life Cycle
  • Project Characteristics
  • Construction Management for Industrial Projects
  • Steel Structures
• Category: STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS
  • Section 1-І
  • Joints Used In European Countries
  • Joints Used In Singapore Projects
  • ASSEMBLY
  • Design Information
  • Structural System
  • Residential Block
  • Design of supporting Nibs
  • Vertical tie requirement
  • Anchorage of base plate to column
  • Design of holding down bolts
  • Notional horizontal load
  • Vertical joint strength
  • Effective bearing width
  • Support reinforcement
  • Vertical shear
  • Support reinforcement
  • Floor diaphragm action and structural integrity
  • Precast columns
  • The precast components consist of hollow core slabs, beams, columns and staircase flights, a. Hollow core slabs
  • Structural System
  • 12-Storey Office Block
  • ILLUSTRATIONS ON DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE BUILDINGS
  • Structural ties in wall joint
  • Isolated connection
  • Vertical load capacity of joint concrete or mortar
  • Horizontal wall joint
  • Vertical wall joint
  • Connection Of Precast Walls
  • Base plate connection
  • Socket dimensions
  • Support reactions
  • Socket connection
  • Column Base Connection. General
  • Shear Key Connection
  • Welding design of steel bars
  • Geometry of inserts
  • Design of steel plate
  • Plate with welded flanges (Figure 3.22b)
  • Wide flange section (Figure 3.22a)
  • Steel inserts cast in beam
  • Effective bearing width of insert
  • Direct shear at joint junction
  • Reinforcement as in Figure 3.15
  • Beam Half Joint
  • Vertical links within beams
  • Check average shear stress at inclined crack plane at bearing
  • Bearing on corbel
  • Flexural and axial tension steel
  • Corbel reinforcement
  • Corbel geometry
  • Corbel design by strut and tie force system
  • Reinforced Concrete Corbel
  • Effective bearing width
  • Vertical shear friction reinforcement
  • Horizontal shear friction reinforcement
  • Bearing On Concrete
  • Static Friction
  • Shear Friction Design Method
  • Flexural and torsional joints
  • Shear joints
  • Tensile joints
  • Types of Joints
  • Construction Considerations
  • Manufacturing Considerations
  • Volume change
  • Ductility
  • Design Considerations
  • Design Criteria
  • DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS
  • Calculate ultimate design vertical load (per metre length)
  • Vertical load carrying capacity
  • Total load eccentricities
  • Maximum ultimate horizontal forces acting at second storey per frame
  • Distribution of horizontal forces
  • Design charts
  • Design Principle Of Cantilever Precast Concrete Walls
  • Infill Precast Walls in Skeletal Frame Structure
  • Distribution of horizontal loads
  • Design classifications of concrete walls
  • Design Of Precast Concrete Walls 2 5,1 General
  • Design examples Design Example 7: Precast Concrete Column
  • Design charts
  • Provide shear links for both composite action and shear resistance, whichever is
  • At Service
  • At Installation stage
  • Crack width
  • Construction methods and loading considerations
  • Beam sections
  • Design Of Precast Reinforced Concrete Beams
  • Check stresses at installation
  • Design charts
  • Reinforced concrete planks
  • Prestressed concrete planks
  • Design Of Precast Concrete Planks •j J 1 General
  • Modes of failure and ultimate limit state design
  • Total deflection
  • Camber and deflection
  • Design for serviceability limit state
  • Design considerations for hollow core slabs
  • COMPONENTS
  • Flange Deck Elements
  • Chord forces
  • Transfer of horizontal forces
  • Method of analysis
  • Floor Diaphragm Actions
  • Horizontal Ties
  • Anchorage of ties
  • Continuity of ties
  • Vertical ties
  • Column and wall horizontal ties
  • Internal Ties
  • Provision of structural ties
  • Alternative load paths
  • Design and protection of structural members
  • Design for progressive collapse
  • Structural Integrity And Design For Progressive Collapse
  • Shear Wall Behaviour
  • Statically indeterminate slab-wall systems
  • Resolution Of Longitudinal Force
  • Resolution of horizontal forces
  • Slab Wall Structures
  • Structural systems for horizontal loads
  • Precast Concrete Systems
  • Load distribution
  • Load path description
  • Vertical and horizontal loads
  • Loadings And Load Tables
  • STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS
• Category: Supplementary Cementing Materials
  • Alkali-Silica Reaction
  • Deicing Salt Scaling Resistance
  • Sulfate Resistance
  • Freezing and Thawing Resistance
  • Carbonation
  • Corrosion Resistance
  • Durabiliy Properties of Concrete Containing RHA
  • Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
  • Drying Shrinkage
  • Tensile Strength and Modulus of Elasticity
  • Compressive Properties
  • Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing RHA
  • Consistency and Setting Times
  • Air-Entrainment
  • Fresh Properties of Paste/Concrete Containing RHA
  • Pozzolanic Activity
  • Chemical Composition
  • Particle Size Distribution
  • Properties of RHA
  • Advantages of Using RHA
  • Rice Husk Ash
  • Creep and Shrinkage
  • Carbonation
  • Corrosion Resistance
  • Sulfate Resistance
  • Hydroxide Ion Diffusion
  • Chloride-Ion Dijfusion/Permeability
  • Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Metakaolin
  • Micro-Hardness
  • Bending Strength
  • Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus
  • Compressive Strength
  • Water Absorption and Sorptivity
  • Properties of Hardened Mortar/Concrete Containing Metakaolin
  • Fresh Properties of Mortar/Concrete Containing Metakaolin
  • Effect of Dehydroxylation
  • Temperature Effect
  • Hydration Reaction
  • Mineralogical Composition
  • Chemical Composition
  • Properties of Metakaolin
  • Advantages of Using Metakaolin
  • Uses of Metakaolin
  • Metakaolin
  • Carbonation
  • Corrosion Resistance
  • Freezing and Thawing Resistance
  • Alkali Silica Reaction
  • Sulfate Resistance
  • Chloride Binding Capacity/Resistance
  • Durability Properties of Concrete Containing GGBS
  • Tensile and Flexural Strength
  • Compressive Strength of Concrete
  • Compressive Strength
  • Microstructure
  • Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing GGBS
  • Setting Times
  • Workability
  • Fresh Properties of Mortar/Paste/Concrete Containing GGBS
  • Advantages of Using GGBS
  • Specifications of GGBS
  • Hydration Reaction
  • Reactivity
  • Chemical Composition
  • Particle Morphology
  • Characteristics of GGBS
  • Environmental Benefits of Using GGBS
  • Storage and Handling of GGBS
  • Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
  • Alkali-Silica Reaction
  • Carbonation
  • Sulfate Resistance
  • Corrosion
  • Freezing and Thawing
  • Effect of Silica Fume on the Durability Properties of Concrete
  • Shrinkage
  • Creep
  • Thermal Properties
  • Porosity
  • Absorption
  • Toughness
  • Modulus of Elasticity
  • Flexural Tensile Strength
  • Tensile Strength
  • Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Silica Fume Concrete
  • Effect of Curing on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
  • Compressive Strength of Normal Strength/High-Performance Concrete
  • Effect of Silica Fume on the Hardened Properties of Cement/Mortar/Concete
  • Workability
  • Setting Times
  • Consistency
  • Effect of Silica Fume on Fresh Properties of Cement/Mortar/Concrete
  • Applications of Silica Fume
  • Silica Fume Efficiency
  • Heat of Hydration
  • Pore-size Refinement and Matrix Densification
  • Reaction Mechanism
  • Chemical Composition
  • . Availability and Handling
  • Silica Fume
  • Abrasion Resistance
  • Resistance to Sulfuric Acid
  • Sulfate Resistance
  • Resistance to Aggressive Chemicals
  • Alkali-Silica Reaction
  • Freezing and Thawing Resistance
  • Corrosion Resistance
  • Carbonation
  • Gas permeability
  • Chloride Permeability
  • Water Permeability
  • Durability Properties of Concrete made with Fly Ash
  • Thermal Conductivity
  • Creep
  • Shrinkage
  • Sorptivity and Porosity
  • Elastic Properties
  • Tensile Strength Properties
  • Effects of Curing Conditions on Compressive Strength
  • Effect of Curing Temperature at Early Age on Strength
  • Effect of Fly Ash on Properties of Cement Concrete in Hardened State
  • Setting Time
  • Temperature Rise
  • Air Entrainment
  • Bleeding and Segregation
  • Effect of Fly Ash on the Fresh Properties of Cement Concrete
  • Increased Resistance to Sulfate Attack
  • Higher Ultimate Strength
  • Reduced Heat of Hydration
  • Reduced Bleeding and Segregation
  • Benefits of Using Fly Ash in Cement/Concrete
  • Objectives of Using Fly Ash in Cement/Concrete
  • Low Volume Uses
  • Uses of Fly Ash in Cement Concrete
  • Uses of Fly Ash
  • Reaction Mechanism
  • Classification of Fly Ash
  • Mineralogical Characteristics
  • Chemical Composition
  • Moisture
  • Particle Morphology
  • Pozzolanic Activity
  • Specific Gravity
  • Fineness
  • Properties of Fly Ash
  • Environmental Benefits of Using Fly Ash
  • Fly Ash
  • Supplementary Cementing Materials
• Category: Tensile Surface Structures: A. Practical Guide to Cable and. Membrane Construction
  • (No Title)
  • Summary and outlook
  • Measurement of membrane stresses
  • Measuring with hydraulic force transducers
  • Determination of force in ropes
  • Control of the forces in flexible structural elements
  • . Application of surface loads
  • . Application of load by tilting of shaft-shaped supporting elements
  • Application of loads at points
  • . Application of loads by tilting the edge beams
  • Linear application of edge loads
  • Types of pretension application
  • Consideration of retensioning equipment
  • Tensioning process
  • Introduction of loads - pretensioning
  • Simultaneous erection of primary structure and membrane
  • Lifting large pillows
  • Lifting and pulling of loose sheets
  • Lifting rolls
  • Lifting and pulling of membrane surfaces
  • Lifting rope nets
  • Lifting and pulling of ropes
  • Preassembly of membrane surfaces
  • . Folding, transporting and laying out membrane surfaces
  • Preassembly of ropes
  • Transporting, unrolling and laying out ropes
  • Preparation work and preassembly
  • Construction
  • Erection of arch surfaces
  • Erection procedures for membrane structures
  • Erection of wire rope construction
  • The erection of edge beams
  • Segmental erection through underpinning
  • Methods of production, delivery and transport
  • Type of construction equipment
  • Local conditions on the construction site
  • Stability conditions in temporary erection states
  • Structural types according to form, support and edging
  • Erection procedure
  • Temporary construction for devices used during erection
  • Temporary construction for the stabilisation of the main structure
  • . Scaffolding working platforms and temporary construction
  • Tensioning devices and aids for membrane sheets
  • Wire rope grippers
  • . Mechanical tensioning systems
  • Strand tensioning devices
  • Tensioning equipment for hydraulic presses
  • Hydraulic tensioning systems Hydraulic jacks
  • Electrical tensioning systems Rope winches, block and tackle
  • Tensioning devices and equipment for ropes
  • Erection equipment and machinery
  • Design detailing for erection practicality
  • Construction engineering
  • Modelling erection procedures
  • Scheduling
  • Aims and tasks of construction management
  • Construction management
  • The contents of the present chapter
  • Construction of tensile surface structures
  • Corner details
  • Details with edges stiff in bending
  • Details with flexible edging
  • Edge details
  • The detailing of edges and their anchorage at corners
  • Methods of transferring force at the edge
  • Looped and laced joints
  • Reusable surface joints
  • Glued seams
  • Sewn seams
  • Welding work on site
  • Hot element welding
  • Welded seams
  • Permanent surface joints
  • Cutting out the pieces
  • Erection criteria
  • Surface curvature - layout of strips - strip shape
  • Topological and structural criteria
  • Criteria for the patterning
  • Compensation, strip layout
  • Development
  • Fabrication of coated fabrics
  • Strength-reducing effects of load, time and temperature
  • Kink resistance
  • Shear stiffness
  • Tear propagation behaviour
  • . Strength and stiffness of the seam
  • Strength and stiffness of the fabric
  • Interaction of the fabric directions
  • Anisotropic behaviour
  • Elasticity behaviour Non-linear and inelastic behaviour of fabrics
  • Mechanical properties
  • Material behaviour of coated fabrics
  • Foils
  • Coating, treating, rolling
  • Weaving
  • Types of fabric making
  • Coated fabrics
  • Surface load-bearing elements
  • Keders
  • Webbing
  • Swaged fittings
  • End connections
  • End-to-end connections
  • Rope anchorages
  • Corrosion protection of the rope externally
  • Corrosion protection of the rope internally
  • Corrosion protection of individual wires
  • Corrosion protection of ropes
  • Cutting ropes to length
  • Pre-stretching
  • Spinning process and type
  • Types of rope
  • Wire ropes
  • Structural composition and manufacture
  • Materials for tensile surface structures
  • Ambition, aim and sc